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Health and Fitness Articles
This page was last updated: 8/9/19

1. Fine-tuning a diet to fuel your active life
2. The Importance of Muscle Recovery   
3. Knowing how to use your mental tools can boost your running performance and pleasure
4. Proper fueling prevents fatigue during long workouts
5. Athletes and protein: The truth about supplements
6. Breakfast: the most important meal of an athlete's day
7.  Recovery eating: Don't let your energy reserves run low 
8Maximize your potential through mental training and focus
9. Breathing 101: Increase your efficiency for better oxygen uptake
10. Feeding our muscles: A key to smart training
11. Want energy? Time your eating and exercise
12. Soccer: 7 nutrition myths
13. Soccer recovery: Bounce back faster after games
14. Recovery Nutrition for Athletes
15. Iron Depletion: What you and your doctor need to know
16. Food variety: The spice of life
17. The real value of protein
18. Stay on top of your fluid game
19. Feed your hungry jocks foods to fuel performance
20. An Athlete's Guide to Late-Summer Dehydration
21. Colleges are beginning to put more emphasis on student's shut-eye
22. Growing Pains: The Effects of the Adolescent Growth Spurt on...

23. 25 Horrible Things That Happpen If You Don't Get Enough Sleep

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Fine-tuning a diet to fuel your active life
By Alex Kostich
Active.com  8/20/2002

August’s Fitness Makeover will focus on nutrition for the endurance athlete. A year ago, Bob Petraglia from Boston, Mass., began swimming 800 meters three times a week for fun and fitness. As most of us find, he was addicted to the endorphin rush that his newfound exercise provided, and within six months Bob was up to 2,000 meters six times a week (with 3,000 meters on the seventh day).

This fall, he plans to race in the annual 2.4-mile Waikiki Roughwater swim, and depending on how that goes, perhaps a five-mile swim in St. Croix.

These are ambitious goals for a relative newcomer to the sport, but having spoken with Bob I’m confident that he’ll be crossing the finish line in both events with no problem at all.

Bob had questions regarding his daily diet and how he could maintain or gain back some of his weight; he has dropped 18 pounds since he started swimming, only half of those pounds intentional and necessary.

At 5’9” and 152 pounds, Bob needs to be about 160 pounds, according to Leigh Fish, MS RD, a Los Angeles-based registered dietician who specializes in athletes (her boyfriend Josh also happens to be a triathlete on the US National Team!).

Given that I am not a registered dietician or nutritionist, I have deferred all advice that follows to Leigh — and have only served to break it down into a reader-friendly article (and I’ve learned a few things from our guest source in the process …so thank you, Leigh).

Bob writes that he feels healthier, more alert, and a lot hungrier than ever before since he began swimming on a daily basis. This is natural, and he needs to increase his intake of carbohydrates in a specific way to avoid losing more weight — while sustaining the energy he needs for optimum performance.

Most people assume that binge-ing on pasta, grains and breads is the best way to gain the quick energy needed for endurance training.  Wrong.

According to Leigh, Bob needs to keep his metabolism running all day long with frequent snacking, and not just three large carbo-friendly meals.

“Eating only large meals may not give you the sustained energy that you need for an intense swim workout, especially if your most recent meal was more than two hours before the training session,” she explains.

“Although you wouldn’t want to have a large meal right before your swim, a small snack which is mainly carbs, such as a cup of juice or a half a granola bar, would be just right.”

Bob supplied me with a comprehensive daily diet breakdown of foods he eats and snacks on (which I forwarded to Leigh), and vegetables were the only food group that was somewhat neglected.

“Including vegetables in your lunch and dinner meals is very important,” says Leigh, “because  it allows you to eat a large volume of food without a large amount of calories. Be sure to choose an array of colors when eating fruits and vegetables, as this will provide you with the multitude of vitamins and minerals that you need before, during, and after your workouts.  Remember, not everything comes in a pill, even if it’s a multivitamin.” (Great advice, if you ask
me … like most people I know, I rely on vitamins more than I should for my daily allowances).

Bob’s diet could also use more dairy, and Leigh recommends consuming it after the tough workouts.

“Reloading with a protein/carbohydrate food is useful to replete any glycogen stores that may have been lost in heavy training. Good options are a glass of milk, low fat ice cream, cottage cheese, or yogurt.”

Bob’s consumption of protein is Herculean, with generous daily portions of chicken, nuts, hamburgers, and tuna. Leigh reminds him that fish and eggs are another protein source not to be overlooked.

Bob’s only apparent vice is a passionate addiction to Doritos. A whopping five times a week at up to 10 handfuls a pop, this is the one area that gave Leigh the right to slap our subject with a major meal makeover.

“‘10 healthy handfuls a day’! Now really, how healthy can a handful of Doritos be? A good substitute here would be pretzels," Leigh says. "In the meantime, weaning yourself off the Doritos would be a wise option since your dependence seems to be so … immense!  "Allow yourself Doritos three times a week and limit your intake to two handfuls that fit into a small bowl. If you want more, refill the bowl ... with pretzels!  Slowly, your dependence will just turn into a now-and-again indulgence.

Comment from the peanut gallery: My guilty pleasure is ice cream,  and since speaking with Leigh I’ve begun weaning myself off of those easy-to-consume-in-one-sitting Ben & Jerry’s pints. Instead, I’ve stocked my fridge with Ben & Jerry’s frozen yogurt, and I now only allow myself a half-pint (served in a bowl instead of right from the carton). Hopefully I’m getting my post-workout protein fix while weaning myself off of those oh-so-good-but-oh-so-bad fat calories.

As far as monitoring his weight, Bob need only step on a scale once a week. Daily scale-stepping will show minor fluctuations that can wreak havoc on one’s psyche and contribute to hyper-self-analysis — not a good road to go down.

Instead, a weekly weigh-in can give you a consistent reading that over time will paint an accurate picture of where your body weight is, and should be.

Bob is an avid vitamin- and mineral-taker, and although Leigh admits that most people would rather rely on a pill for their essential needs, she stands by her claim that there is no comparison to vitamins nd minerals gleaned from real foods.

She does, however, suggest the occasional extra dose of Vitamin C and E, given the endurance athlete’s above-average training intensity: “Vitamin C and E are good antioxidants, especially for endurance athletes who experience a great deal of oxidative damage during long bouts of cardiovascular activity. It can’t hurt to take this, but also may not be necessary each day.”

Finally, the last bit of wisdom that Leigh offered to impart to Bob (and possibly to more than a few readers of this column), is the “if a little is good, then a lot is better” misconception about protein intake.

Given Bob’s healthy meat consumption discussed earlier, there is little reason for him to boost his protein intake with powders and energy bars in his between-meal snacks.

“Considering the intensity level that you are swimming, you need, at the most, 1.2b/kg of protein per day," Leigh said. "For a 152-pound man, this is only 83 grams of protein. 1 cup of milk for breakfast, 3 oz. of turkey and 1 slice of cheese for lunch, and 5 oz. of turkey for dinner provides about 87 grams of protein.  Some protein powders in smoothies can offer up to 25 grams of protein (and 100 calories), all of which are unneeded in Bob’s case.”

Although the above overview is broad and has been written to apply to the general active population, it is important to note that the feedback came after a comprehensive analysis by a registered dietician.  It was based on an individual of a certain height and weight, with detailed specifics of the subject’s diet plan.  Anyone considering a drastic change to their eating habits (for better or worse) is urged to consult a registered dietician or nutritionist who can outline a plan to address each individual’s specific needs.



The Importance of Muscle Recovery
Excerpted from Active.com 8/20/02

Runners therefore need to do everything in their power to accelerate muscle recovery after exercise. First, in the first two hours after completing each workout, they need to take in water, carbohydrate, electrolytes, protein, and antioxidants.  This will promote rapid rehydration, replenishment of muscle and liver glycogen, and muscle tissue repair, and will reduce delayed-onset muscle soreness.

Runners should also stretch their running muscles immediately after each workout, as this accelerates the removal of metabolic wastes from the muscles and prevents tightening of the muscles.

And finally, at some point prior to the next workout, runners should engage in self-massage to reduce tissue welling, increase bloodflow, and relieve muscular adhesions and trigger points.



Knowing how to use your mental tools can boost your running performance and pleasure
By Dr. Rob Udewitz
Active.com  10/1/2002

During most runs the road is laid out in front of us and we can see where we are at and where we want to go.

I often do my most challenging runs on the Reservoir in New York City's Central Park. There is a spot I've noticed at the Reservoir where the path turns and I can see only a few feet ahead. However, if I look to my left I can see clear to the spot where my hard run will end in about 400 meters.

It is at this moment where my mind has a choice. I can keep my gaze forward and see only where I'm at, or I can look to my left at see where I want to be. On the surface, my first choice promises nothing more than limited scenery, my own heavy breathing and the pain of lactic acid buildup. The second choice holds the promise of a beautiful view of the water and the place I want to be , the place where all the pain will stop.

Initially, the better choice seems obvious.

George Sheehan (Running to Win, 1992) wrote, "Of all the lessons sport teaches us about life, perhaps none is more dramatic than the danger of focusing on the outcome."

This statement is most closely associated with our tendency to focus solely on success or failure and winning or losing. Most of us know that when these factors become our primary goal, performance and pleasure usually suffer. During a strenuous workout or challenging race, a primary focus on the finish line (even if you're not worrying about your time or place) can also put you at a disadvantage.

Goal setting and quieting your mind

Runners sometimes wait to "figure out" goals such as distance and pace during the actual run. They can fill their minds with thoughts like "run hard to that lamppost" or "just one more lap around." The mental chatter of goal-setting and goal-shifting during a run can detract from the pure pleasure of your run.

Setting a goal prior to your workout will allow you to quiet your mind of these thoughts and allow you to focus on your run. When setting your goal for a run, account for variables like cardiovascular conditioning, workout schedules, weather conditions and how you feel that day. If your training calls for a harder workout, try setting a moderately challenging goal before the run based on these factors.

Then make modifications, if necessary, after you've warmed up. If your schedule calls for an easy day, try to keep your mind on making your run as comfortable as possible. Setting a goal while allowing for flexibility will put your mind at ease and reward you with more enjoyable runs.

Distraction and running

There are many places to direct your attention during a run. Running is a great opportunity to experience nature, people-watch or just review the struggles and triumphs of your day. Others prefer to listen to music that inspires them to persevere or distracts them from discomfort.

The problem with distraction, however, is that it leaves little room for awareness to experience what you are actually doing.

It's possible that we freely place our minds on everything else because running can come so naturally to us. Running is easy and most people can do it with minimal instruction, but it can also be very hard, requiring great effort. As the distance and intensity of a run increases, the simple mechanics of your stride begin to change and break down. Maintaining some focus on these elements will help you stay efficient, more comfortable and are guaranteed to bring you more pleasure during your run.

Staying in touch with your mind and body during a run will help you reduce negative thoughts and physical discomfort. You'll also be better able to avoid injuries by differentiating between types of pain. When you are unable to maintain your form because of discomfort, you are at a greater risk of injury and are better off slowing down or stopping.

Checking in with your body also allows you to warm up better and get into the flow of the run more evenly. If you are listening to a Walkman, the intensity of your run is more likely to be dictated by the tempo of the song rather than how you actually feel. Subsequently, you may go too fast before you've sufficiently warmed up and leave yourself prone to injury.

Body awareness on the run

You might think that running comes so naturally to experienced runners that they freely allow their minds to wander. Actually, elite runners often use a flexible style of focus that changes with the demands of the run. When the going is easy, they may pay attention to other things, but they continuously "check in" with their bodies. When the going gets tougher, they pay particular attention internally, to their minds and bodies.

Focusing inward gives you greater control of your run. Our tendency is to try to ignore the pain that can come from a tough run; but when we ignore, we ultimately lose control.

Becoming involved in the rhythm of your breath, choosing a specific breathing rhythm like "three steps in; two steps out", can help your lungs more efficiently exchange oxygen for carbon dioxide and flush lactic acid from your muscles. Maintaining awareness of your form can help relax your muscles, reduce pain and allow you to run faster and farther.

Negative thoughts

Our first inclination is to distract ourselves from negative thoughts when we feel their weight bearing down on our minds. If we consistently ignore a persistent thought, we often end up fueling its power and pull. We are telling our mind that it is too scary to "go there," and our fear subsequently grows.

Paying attention to these thoughts might be another path to managing them. If you really follow your thoughts, you may notice that they are more associated with how you might feel in the future, rather than how you actually feel in the present.

We may think, "Wow, how will I ever finish this run if it feels so tough now?" Even though the future could be as short as a few seconds away, you really cannot know for sure how you will feel down the road.

During a tough run, we may worry that we cannot maintain intensity or even make it to the finish. But these thoughts, although very real, often have no basis in reality. We do, however, have control of the present moment.

If we remain aware of our thoughts we are better able to understand their basis in reality and connect with how we actually feel in the present. Finally, you leave yourself open to the very real possibility that you might actually feel better down the road!

If you keep bringing your mind back to the moment you will be better able to manage how you feel during your run. You may notice that you feel pretty good or you may be able to change your breathing and form to help yourself feel better.

Many runners successfully manage negative thoughts by noticing them while detaching from them emotionally. Some effective strategies might be to think, "Oh, there are my negative thoughts again." Or you could actually say hello to them and invite them in. Much like an annoying houseguest, these thoughts are often less emotionally draining when you welcome them and take them lightly.

If you really are having difficulty with negative thinking, you may experience a great sense of power in knowing that you can maintain the intensity of your run while feeling so lousy.

Let your mind flow

The beauty of running is that there is so much time to think. The ability to engage our bodies while allowing our mind to flow may account for the great emotional benefits of running. There are no right or wrong ways to think or feel, but having some mental tools to try will reward you with the most pleasure from your runs.


Proper fueling prevents fatigue during long workouts
By Nancy Clark, MS, RD
Active.com  1/7/2003


I'm at the gym from 5:30 to 7:00 pm and feel exhausted by the end of my workout. What can I do to prevent fatigue?"

"I'm training for a marathon ... I dread the long runs. I'm dragging after 12 miles. Any suggestions for how to boost my energy?"

"I'm whipped by the end of my after-school soccer practices ..."

Sound familiar? Preventing fatigue is the No. 1 concern of active people who exercise for more than an hour.

This article can help you enjoy high energy and enhanced stamina during long, hard exercise sessions. (For shorter exercise sessions, a pre-exercise snack and some water should fuel you well.)

To prevent fatigue during extensive exercise that lasts for more than 60 to 90 minutes, you have two nutrition goals:

1. To prevent dehydration

2. To prevent your blood sugar from dropping

The following tips can help you reach those goals.

Sweat and dehydration

When you exercise hard, you sweat. Sweating is the body's way of dissipating heat and maintaining a constant internal temperature (98.6°F).During hard exercise, your muscles can generate 20 times more heat than when you are at rest.

You dissipate this heat by sweating. As the sweat evaporates, it cools the skin. This in turn cools the blood, which cools the inner body. If you did not sweat, you could cook yourself to death.

A body temperature higher than 106°F damages the cells. At 107.6°F, cell protein coagulates (like egg whites do when they cook), and the cell dies. This is one serious reason why you shouldn't push yourself beyond your limits in very hot weather.

When you sweat for more than an hour, you lose significant amounts of water from your blood. The remaining blood becomes more concentrated and has, for example, an abnormally high sodium level. This triggers the thirst mechanism and increases your desire to drink.

To quench your thirst, you have to replace the water losses and bring the blood back to its normal concentration.

Unfortunately for athletes, this thirst mechanism can be an unreliable signal to drink. Hence, you should plan to drink before you are thirsty. By the time your brain signals thirst, you may have lost 1 percent of your body weight, the equivalent of 1.5 pounds (24 ounces) of sweat for a 150-pound person.

This 1 percent loss corresponds with the need for your heart to beat an additional three to five times per minute. This contributes to early fatigue.

Thirst sensations change with age and older people, even athletes, become less sensitive to thirst. For example, 56-year-old hikers became progressively dehydrated during 10 days of strenuous hill walking. The younger, 24-year-old hikers remained adequately hydrated. This means older people, in particular, should carefully monitor their fluid intake.

Light-colored urine, in significant volume, is a sign of adequate hydration.

Most athletes voluntarily replace less than half of sweat losses; thirst can be blunted by exercise or overridden by the mind. To be safe, always drink enough to quench your thirst, plus a little more.

If you know how much you sweat, you can then replace those losses according to a plan. To learn your sweat rate (and fluid targets), weigh yourself naked before and after a workout. For every pound (16 ounces) you lose, you should strive to replace 13 to 16 ounces (80 to 100 percent of that loss) while exercising.

This requires training your gut to handle this volume. Do not drink more water if your stomach is already sloshing; enough is enough!

You might find it helpful to figure out how many gulps of water equate to 16 ounces, and even set an alarm wristwatch to remind you to drink on schedule. You'll also need to plan on having the right quantity of enjoyable fluids readily available. Do not be in such a rush to start your workout that you fail to bring with you the sports drinks and fluids that will enhance your efforts.

Carbohydrates and blood sugar

As I?ve mentioned above, you can significantly increase your stamina by consuming a pre-exercise snack that provides fuel for the first hour of the workout and by drinking adequate fluids during exercise.

The third trick to enhancing endurance is to consume carbs after an hour of exercise. Depending on your body size and ability to tolerate fuel while you work out, you'll want to target 100 to 250 calories of carbohydrates per hour of endurance exercise.

The larger you are, the more calories you need. For example, if you weigh 180 pounds, you should target about 250 calories per hour, such as 8 ounces of a sports drink every 15 minutes, or a 250-calorie energy bar plus water.

During a moderate to hard endurance workout, carbohydrates supply about 50 percent of the energy. As you deplete carbohydrates from muscle glycogen stores, you increasingly rely on the carbs (sugar) in your blood for energy. By consuming carbohydrates such as sports drinks, bananas, or energy bars during exercise, you can both fuel your muscles as well as maintain a normal blood sugar level.

Because your brain relies on the sugar in your blood for energy, keeping your brain fed helps you think clearly, concentrate well, and remain focused. So much of performance depends on mental stamina; maintaining a normal blood sugar level is essential to optimize your workouts and boost your stamina.

Your body doesn't care if you ingest solid or liquid carbohydrates, both are equally effective forms of fuel. You just have to learn which sports snacks settle best for your body: gels, gummy bears, dried figs, animal crackers, defizzed cola, whatever.

Despite popular belief, sugar can be a positive snack during exercise and is unlikely to cause you to "crash" (experience hypoglycemia). That's because sugar feedings during exercise result in only small increases in both insulin and blood glucose. Yet, too much sugar or food taken at once can slow the rate at which fluids leave the stomach. Hence, "more" is not always better.

Because consuming 100 to 250 calories per hour of exercise (after the first hour) may be far more than you are used to taking in during exercise, you need to practice fueling while exercising to figure out what foods and fluids settle best.

You'll learn through trial and error which snacks help prevent fatigue, boost performance and contribute to enjoyment of your long, hard workouts


Athletes and protein: The truth about supplements

By Nancy Clark, MS, RD
Active.com  1/22/2003


 

When you look at the ads in almost any sports publication, you cannot help but notice the supplement industry is hard at work promoting protein powders, bars and shakes.

Their goal: to convince athletes they need extra protein to build muscles and recover from exercise. Never before have I talked to so many frenzied athletes, bodybuilders and marathoners alike, who are worried their standard diets are protein-deficient and inadequate to support their sports program. They commonly ask: What's the best protein supplement?

My response: Why do you think you even need a protein supplement in the first place? You can easily get the protein you need through standard foods. Believe it or not, very few athletes need any type of protein supplement.

Yes, protein supplements can be helpful in certain medical situations. For example, an athlete with anorexia may be more willing to consume a protein shake than eat tuna, cottage cheese or chicken. Patients with cancer or AIDS often benefit from protein supplements if they are unable to eat well.

But I have yet to meet a healthy athlete who is unable to consume adequate protein through his or her sports diet. Hence, the purpose of this article is to look at the myths and facts surrounding protein supplements, so you can make informed decisions regarding your sports diet.

How much is enough?

Only 10% to 15% of total calories need to come from protein. Although athletes require slightly more protein than does a sedentary person, a hungry athlete tends to eat hefty meals with large portions of protein-rich foods.

That extra peanut butter sandwich, second chicken breast at dinner and taller glass of milk satisfies any and all protein needs without any supplements.

Following are recommendations for a safe, adequate protein intake:
(numbers are given for grams per pound of body weight, with an example for a 150-pound person):

  • Sedentary person: 0.4 gms/lb; 60 gms/150 lb person
  • Recreational exerciser, adult: 0.5 - 0.75, 75 -112
  • Competitive athlete, adult: 0.6 - 0.9, 90 - 135
  • Growing teenage athlete: 0.8 - 0.9, 120 - 135
  • Dieting athlete, reduced calories: 0.8 - 0.9, 120 - 135
  • Maximum for all healthy athletes: 0.9 gram/lb (2 gm/kg)

    Note: Protein needs change depending upon calorie intake. That is, if you are dieting to lose weight and are in calorie deficit, you will need more protein than if you are eating adequate calories. Your muscles burn protein for energy when fuel is scarce.

    Example: If you weigh 160 pounds and want the maximum acceptable protein intake (0.9 gms pro/lb), you'd need 144 grams of protein ? an amount you could easily consume from a day's diet that includes 1 quart skim milk (30 gms protein), 1 can tuna (30 gms pro), and 8 ounces chicken breast (70 gms pro).

    The small amounts of protein you get from the foods that fill out the rest of your diet (cereal, bread, broccoli, frozen yogurt, etc.) will bring you to more than 144 grams of protein. More protein will not be "better."

    And no scientific evidence supports the idea the protein or amino acids in supplements are in any way superior to the protein from eggs, milk, lean meats, fish, soy or other ordinary foods.

    Is more better?

    Eating more than the recommended protein intake offers no benefits. Apart from being costly, a protein-based diet commonly displaces important carbs from the diet. That is, if you have an omelet and a protein shake for breakfast instead of cereal with banana, you'll consume fewer carbs to fuel your muscles properly.

    Carbs are the primary fuel for athletes who do muscle-building resistance exercise. Once your muscles become carb-depleted, fatigue sets in and your workout is over. Your diet should provide extra carbs, not extra protein.

    If you consume too much protein from supplements, you may also fail to invest in optimal health. For example, I had one client who daily ate five protein shakes and four protein bars ? to the exclusion of standard food. Displacing natural foods with engineered foods (such as protein supplements) limits your intake of the vegetables, fruits, grains, fiber, phytochemicals, natural vitamins and other health-protective nutrients that Nature puts in whole foods.

    Pre- and post-exercise protein

    Q. I've heard I should eat a protein bar for a pre-exercise snack?

    A. Protein has typically been consumed at meals, away from the time of exercise. New research suggests eating protein before you work out can optimize muscle development. Pre-exercise protein digests into amino acids that are then ready and waiting to be taken up by the muscles after a strength workout.

    This does not mean you'll evolve into Charles Atlas; you'll simply optimize your body's ability to build and repair muscle at that moment.

    The amount of protein needed for this benefit is tiny ? about 6 grams (less than 1 ounce of meat). You certainly do not need a hefty pre-exercise protein bar nor a thick steak. A yogurt, cereal with milk, or a slice of peanut butter toast will do the job just fine! A pre-exercise protein supplement is a needless expensive.

    Protein source (with cost/grams of protein/cost per gram)

    MetRx Big 100 Bar: $2.50, 26 grams, 9.5 cents
    PowerBar ProteinPlus: $1.95, 24, 8 cents
    Tuna, 6 oz can: $0.99, 30, 3.5 cents
    Skim milk, 1 quart: $0.75, 32, 2.5 cents
    Peanut butter, 2 tbsp: $0.15, 7, 2 cents

    Q. I?ve heard I should I eat protein right after I exercise to enhance the speed of glycogen recovery?

    A. Supposedly, eating some protein along with carbohydrates after exercise stimulates insulin, and that stimulates greater glycogen uptake. At least five carefully controlled studies have shown the addition of post-exercise protein does not offer any advantages when the athlete eats adequate calories from carbs.

    My advice: If you refuel with wholesome, refreshing meals that appeal to you, you'll inevitably get the nutrients you need. Fruit and yogurt, nuts and raisins, bagel sandwich, and pasta with meat sauce are just a few popular recovery foods that offer an enjoyable combination of both protein and carbs to refuel, rebuild and repair muscles.


Breakfast: the most important meal of an athlete's day

By Nancy Clark, MS, RD
Active.com   2/12/2003


 
Without question, breakfast is the meal that makes champions. Unfortunately, many active people follow a lifestyle that eliminates breakfast or includes foods that are far from champion-builders.

I commonly counsel athletes who skip breakfast, grab only a light lunch, train on fumes, gorge at dinner and snack on "junk" until bedtime. They not only rob their bodies of the nutrients needed for health, but also lack energy for high-quality workouts.

A satisfying breakfast tends to invest in better health than does a grab-anything-in-sight dinner. Sarah, a collegiate athlete, learned that fueling her body's engine at the start of her day helps her feel more energetic and also able to choose better quality lunch and dinner foods.

That is, when she has granola, banana and juice in the morning, as well as a sandwich and yogurt for lunch, she stops devouring brownies after dinner.

Excuses to skip breakfast are abundant: "No time," "I'm not hungry in the morning" and "I don't like breakfast foods." Weight-conscious athletes pipe up, "My diet starts at breakfast."

These excuses are just that, excuses; they sabotage your sports performance.

Here's a look at the benefits of eating breakfast. I hope to convince you that breakfast is the most important meal of your sports diet.

Breakfast for dieters

If you want to lose weight, you should start your diet at dinner, not at breakfast! For example, do not eat a meager bowl of Special K for your "diet breakfast." You'll get too hungry later in the day and crave sweets.

A bigger breakfast (cereal + toast + peanut butter) can prevent afternoon or evening cookie-binges. An adequate (500 - 700 calorie) breakfast provides enough energy for you to enjoy your exercise, as opposed to dragging yourself through an afternoon workout that feels like punishment.

If you are trying to lose weight, you should target at least 500 to 700 calories for breakfast; this should leave you feeling adequately fed.

To prove the benefits of eating such a big breakfast, try this experiment:

1. Using food labels to calculate calories, boost your standard breakfast to at least 500 calories. For example, add to your english muffin (150 calories): 1 tablespoon peanut butter (100 cal.), 8 oz. orange juice (100 cal.) and a yogurt (150 cal). Total: 500 calories.

2. Observe what happens to your day's food intake when you eat a full breakfast vs. a skimpy "diet breakfast." The 500+ calorie breakfast allows you to successfully eat less at night and create the calorie deficit needed to lose weight.

Remember: Your job as a dieter is to fuel by day and lose weight by night. Successful dieters lose weight while they are sleeping; they wake up ready for another nice breakfast that fuels them for another high-energy day.

Breakfast for the morning exerciser

If you exercise first thing in the morning, you may not want a big pre-exercise breakfast; too much food can feel heavy and uncomfortable. However, you can likely tolerate half a breakfast, such as half a bagel, a slice of toast, or a banana before your workout.

Just 100 to 300 calories can put a little carbohydrate into your system, boost your blood sugar so that you are running on fuel, not fumes, and enhance your performance.

You'll likely discover this small pre-exercise meal adds endurance and enthusiasm to your workout. In a research study, athletes who ate breakfast were able to exercise for 137 minutes as compared to only 109 minutes when they skipped this pre-exercise fuel.

After his morning workout, Jim, a banker, felt rushed and was more concerned about getting to work on time than eating breakfast. Using the excuse "No time," he overlooked the importance of refueling his muscles.

I reminded him: Muscles are most receptive to replacing depleted glycogen stores within the first two hours after the workout, regardless of whether or not the athlete feels hungry. I encouraged Jim to be responsible! Just as he chose to make time for exercise, he could also choose to make time for breakfast.

One simple post-exercise breakfast is fluids. Liquid breakfasts take minimal time to prepare and very little time to drink, yet they can supply the calories, water, carbohydrates, protein, vitamins and minerals you need ? all in a travel mug. (You can always get coffee at the office.)

Because Jim felt thirsty after his morning workout, he found he could easily drink 16 ounces of juice or lowfat milk. Sometimes, he'd make a refreshing fruit smoothie with milk, banana and berries.

Later on mid-morning, when his appetite returned, Jim enjoyed the rest of his breakfast: (instant) oatmeal, multi-grain bagel with peanut butter, yogurt with granola, a banana ? or any other carbohydrate-rich foods that conveniently fit into his schedule.

This nutritious "second breakfast" refueled his muscles, abated hunger and curbed his lunchtime cookie cravings.

Breakfast for the noon-time, afternoon and evening exerciser

A hearty breakfast is important for people who exercise later in the day. It not only tames hunger but also provides the fuel needed for hard workouts.

Research has shown that athletes who ate breakfast, then four hours later enjoyed an energy bar five minutes before a noontime workout were able to exercise 20% harder at the end of the hourlong exercise test compared to when they ate no breakfast and no pre-exercise snack. (They worked 10% harder with only the snack.)

Breakfast works! Breakfast + a pre-exercise snack works even better!

What's for breakfast?

From my perspective as a sports nutritionist, one of the simplest breakfasts of champions is a wholesome cereal with lowfat milk, banana and orange juice. This provides not only carbohydrates to fuel the muscles, but also protein (from the milk) to build strong muscles, and numerous other vitamins and minerals such as calcium, potassium, vitamin C, iron (if you choose enriched breakfast cereals) and fiber (if you choose bran cereals).

Equally important is the fact that cereal is quick and easy, requires no cooking, no preparation, no refrigeration. You can keep cereal at the office, bring milk to work and eat breakfast at the office. Breakfast is a good investment in a productive morning.

The bottom line

Breakfast works wonders for improving the quality of your diet. That is, eating breakfast results in less "junk food" later in the day. Breakfast also enhances weight control, sports performance, daily energy levels and future health.

Breakfast is indeed the meal of champions. Make it a habit ? no excuses!

Sample grab-and-go sports breakfasts

  • Bran muffin plus a vanilla yogurt
  • Two slices of last night's left-over thick-crust pizza
  • Peanut butter-banana-honey sandwich
  • Pita with 1 to 2 slices of lowfat cheese plus a large apple
  • Baggie of lowfat granola with a handful of raisins (preceded by 8 oz. lowfat milk before you dash out the door)
  • Cinnamon raisin bagel (one large or two small) plus a can of vegetable juice



Recovery eating: Don't let your energy reserves run low
AmericanRunning.org
5/13/2003
You can speed your recovery considerably and maximize your training gains after a long race or a hard training session if you eat (and drink) for recovery.

Your muscles are most receptive to reloading glycogen in a 15- to 30-minute window immediately following exercise. Blood flow to muscles is enhanced immediately following exercise.

Muscle cells can pick up more glucose and are more sensitive to the effects of insulin, a hormone that promotes the synthesis of glycogen by moving glucose out of the bloodstream and into cells.

It takes at least 20 to 24 hours of refueling with carbohydrate-rich foods to replenish your muscle stores fully, so daily workouts can leave you running on low fuel stores. Since the effects of dehydration and muscle glycogen depletion can be cumulative, inadequate refueling can contribute to overtraining syndrome.

Here are strategies you can use to improve your recovery eating habits and make sure that you are always running on a full tank.

Don't forget fluids. Your body cannot perform any of its metabolic jobs well if you are dehydrated. Weigh yourself periodically before and after a hard workout to estimate how much fluid you need to replace. Remember, "a pint's a pound" ? every one pound lost during a workout reflects two cups of water loss. Sports drinks are an efficient fluid replacement since they also provide carbohydrates and sodium.

Fruit juices, low-fat milkshakes, and smoothies are also good choices since you get both liquid and carbs. Avoid drinking copious amounts of plain water if your workout has been over an hour. You'll need to consume some electrolytes and sodium as well.

After exercise, you can eat or drink your carbs, but do it quickly. Aim for about half a gram of carbohydrate per pound of body weight (about 50 to 100 grams) within the first 15 to 30 minutes after a long race or workout. Most sports drinks contain only 14 to 20 grams per cup, while fruit juices contain about 25 to 40 grams per cup.

The best recovery plan also includes eating carb-rich foods as soon as you can tolerate them. Try yogurt, fresh fruit, an energy bar, or a bagel. You may be able to boost the rate at which your muscles store glycogen, as well as speed up the recovery and repair of muscle tissue, by ingesting protein in combination with carbohydrate at this time. The results of one study suggest using one gram of protein per three grams of carbohydrate.

Try to eat (or drink) an additional 50 to 100 grams of carbohydrates every two hours until your next full meal. Think of whole grains, fresh fruits, dried fruits, pretzels, whole-grain cereal and non-fat or low-fat dairy.

Don't wait for your appetite to return after a long race. The longer you wait to eat, the less glycogen you store and the longer it takes to recover. Intense or exhaustive exercise may depress your appetite. Anticipate that, and have palatable food ready to eat.

Make notes about your food choices in your running log to help you keep track of what worked well and what didn't.



Maximize your potential through mental training and focus


By Adam Zucco
UltraFit.com  7/2/2003

Focusing on immediate goals is a key part of mental training.

In his book In Pursuit of Excellence: How to Win in Sport and Life Through Mental Training, internationally acclaimed author and sport psychologist Terry Orlick outlines his techniques that have helped Olympic athletes and ordinary people maximize their potential and achieve their goals.

I have been working with some of my athletes in regards to mental training, specifically focus, using the principles that Orlick explores in his book.


Principles of Focusing

1. Try to remain oblivious to the outside world. Orlick provides great examples of how well we are able to push ourselves when we are not aware that we are being "scored." Ask yourself how things change for you when you realize people expect things out of you.

2. Focus is something that requires practice. The author describes a technique using an index card with a dime-sized black dot on it. He tries to study the dot until there is really nothing else in his world other than the dot. It becomes almost like a controlled daydream. Practice imagery along with this for the most effectiveness.

3. Learn to put less thought into all of your reactions. This will take some practice, but try letting your body go a few times and see what happens. Do not overthink all the things that you do.

4. Learn to use reminders to help you refocus.

If you experience problems focusing, then you have to learn to just let it happen. Focus is not something that can be forced.

The difference between your best and worst performances usually comes down to focus. In our worst performances, we most likely let negative, anxiety-producing or distracting thoughts, like worrying about other competitors, rule our emotions.

Focusing Strategies

1. Return to the basics and follow a pre-practiced plan.
2. Focus only on your immediate goal.
3. Reassure yourself that you are trained, and that you are ready.
4. Remind yourself of past performances.
5. Remember that your goals are realistic; all you want to do is what you know you can.
6. Focus on doing what is right for you rather than worrying about what is wrong.
7. Imagine perfect execution of your skill.
8. Stay in the moment.
9. Intensify your focus on form.
10. Remind yourself that it is just another performance.
11. If you hate it, leave it.


Breathing 101: Increase your efficiency for better oxygen uptake

By Thomas Chapple
UltraFit.com  9/3/2003


For some reason we're taught to expand our chest when we breathe. This is not the most effective way to completely fill the lungs, and is not how our bodies are designed to inhale.

The diaphragm is the muscle located under the lungs that is designated to expand the lungs and bring air into them.

To breathe efficiently by using the diaphragm effectively, think about drawing air into the bottom third of your lungs as you expand your belly like a balloon.

Try doing this while inhaling through your nose and you'll notice a relaxing sensation throughout your body.

Take a few moments before each workout to sit quietly and practice breathing through your nose and with the diaphragm. This will start your workout in the right frame of mind and with correct breathing.

Keep reminding yourself how to breathe with the diaphragm throughout your workout, and return to it if you fall back on incorrect breathing.

Another breathing aid is to focus on exhaling forcefully during climbing and hard efforts. Once you've developed the habit of filling your lungs completely by breathing with the diaphragm, your body will take care of the inhaling portion on its own.

By forcing the air out of your lungs you'll develop a more complete, efficient breathing cycle. Short, shallow breaths don't completely fill or empty the lungs and will dilute incoming oxygen with carbon dioxide.

I've also found that airflow improves if I drop my jaw and open my mouth in an oval shape (vertically) during hard efforts

Feeding our muscles: A key to smart training
By June M. Lay
HealthNewsDigest.com  9/29/2003

 

Today we discuss "feeding our muscles" since the fuel we give our muscles plays an important part in being able to "smart weight train" and it's also an important factor in avoiding an injury.

So, whether our goal is to tone, get strong, gain muscle, heal from an injury, or participate in a sport activity, we need to feed our muscles!

Many of us think that if we eat lots of protein, we'll get lean, strong and we'll build muscle. Let me say now that it is the carbohydrates that we eat that gives us the energy to push the weights, to use the protein we do eat to build muscle.

Those of us who participate in endurance sports such as running, cycling etc. know the importance of eating a diet high in carbohydrates with some extra protein. But did we know, for instance, that carbs are the foundation to our performance, whether to power our tennis game, aerobic workout, or bodybuilding routine?

So, here are a few sport nutrition rules to "Feed our muscles":

Eat enough and often enough

When we eat enough calories and we eat often, we fuel our muscles, not just for getting around, but for all the additional activities, especially if we are active in sports.

When we restrict our calories too much (this goes for us dieters) over a period of time, we send a signal to our body that a famine is coming. The body may then adjust our metabolic rate to slow down to conserve calories. Result? Most likely less strength, less energy, and even higher body fat!

Eat carbohydrates

Yes, let's eat the dreaded starches! When we eat enough carbohydrates, we give our muscles the fuel to work out hard. This in turn will give our body the need to utilize all that protein we're taking in to make more muscle (when we tone we add muscle fibers too, so this is not just for bodybuilders).

Carbohydrates also feed our brain, so when our blood sugar levels are low from not eating enough carbs, we will impair our energy, focus, and performance.

When we are in short supply of carbs, the process of turning protein into fuel for our muscles and brain is costly to our body. We impair our performance, our ability to build and repair muscle, our health and even our ability to lose weight (ever get constant sugar cravings after eating mostly protein?).

Lastly, high-protein diets can cause dehydration. This is deadly to our energy.

Drink water

Water is stored in our muscles with carbohydrates. This is the energy source for our muscles. When we need to produce energy, the stored carbohydrates are used and water is released during the process.

We need water to make and release energy. Guess what happens when we are dehydrated? We get fatigued easily. Water aids stamina and performance, and it helps to ward of those muscle cramps during intense exercise.

Eat a balanced diet

This means that for those of us who eat lots of protein, we also need to eat enough fruits, veggies and grains. And for those of us who are vegetarians, it is important to get enough protein, iron, calcium, B12, and Vitamin D. Supplements, sports bars and sports drinks are not a substitute for real food.

Eat wisely

I call this being choosy about what kind of calories we eat. If I want a tough workout, I will choose a nutrient-dense food over a junk food. Of course, there is always room for a little junk -- I recommend no more than 10% of our total daily calories (that's about 200 calories for most of us).

So, if we want to look good, feel energetic, and perform well, let's "feed our muscles." Have we eaten enough carbohydrates; eaten often enough; eaten wisely and had enough water? If the answer is yes, we're off to a good start.


Want energy? Time your eating and exercise
By Deborah Shulman, Ph.D.
For Active.com   10/3/2003

 

 

"To give me energy." This is the usual response when I ask why someone has eaten an energy bar or other food in the hour or so before starting exercise.

In fact, the opposite is true. Eating an hour or even half an hour before exercise is likely to make you feel tired and sluggish.

Twenty-five years ago, if a food or drink label proclaimed "high energy," it would have sounded a death knell for that product. In contemporary times though, people interpret that to mean that it will give them high energy.

Red Bull drinks proudly display that they are high-energy drinks. Sports bars are high-energy foods. Consequently, people eat or drink them so they have high energy during exercise.

In the nutrition world, "high energy" is synonymous with "high calorie." The way that the body deals with high calorie, particularly high sugar, is by releasing insulin. Insulin is a storage hormone. When you eat a high-calorie, high-sugar food an hour before exercise, you will start exercise with high insulin levels.

This has two important results. First, it will change how you perceive exercise. You feel sluggish and it feels hard. This is called the rating of perceived exertion, or RPE. Your RPE is higher when you start exercise with high insulin levels.

Second, you will burn a lower amount of fat for fuel. Insulin lowers fat removal from the fat deposits and reduces fat metabolism inside the muscle. Consequently, you rely more on carbohydrate for energy.

Obviously, if you are trying to increase fat metabolism, it is counterproductive to eat an hour or half an hour before exercise.

In general, during the day, it is better to time your last meal or snack to be two hours before the start of exercise. If you wait too long, however -- say, three or four hours after eating -- you'll spend the whole exercise session hungry and fantasizing about food.

In fact, the best time to exercise is after an overnight fast. At his time, blood levels of fat, growth hormone and testosterone are all high. Under these conditions, fat metabolism will be at its highest. Even better if you've had some coffee beforehand.

Those who have low fasting blood sugar in the morning may want to eat a banana, a sports gel or some juice within five minutes of starting exercise. You know who you are: you feel dizzy and shaky in the morning until you've had something to eat. If you eat a small amount a few minutes before starting, you won't get a substantive insulin response.

Instead of eating before exercise, eat within 30 minutes of finishing your exercise session. It is common for people to make the mistake of not eating after exercise, either because they think the increased metabolic rate will help them lose weight or just because they're not hungry. In reality, during exercise you are breaking down protein from the muscles, liver and kidney. This catabolic state persists after exercise.

The more intense the exercise -- such as a heavy strength training session at the gym or an interval workout at the track -- or the longer the exercise lasted, the more muscle breakdown will occur.

This when insulin is your friend. Insulin is a growth hormone and stops muscle breakdown. This is the best time to get larger doses of carbohydrate. Your glycogen storage tanks will be low and the combination of insulin and carbohydrate will refill them to be ready for the next exercise session and will help your muscles grow.



Soccer: 7 nutrition myths
By Dr. Don Kirkendall
For Active.com, 10/24/2003

Think nutrition is an easy topic? See if you have the answers to these myths common in soccer.

1. Your performance in a game is not affected by what you eat

You would think this is true, from reading the scientific literature on just what soccer players eat. Nutritional recalls from the 1970s to the present show that soccer players choose a diet that is around 40% carbohydrates, 40% fat and 20% protein.

Virtually every study on athletic performance, be it a team sport or an individual endurance sport, shows that a diet rich in carbohydrates improves running performance. The more carbohydrates you eat, the more and faster you run, especially late in the game.

What is discouraging is that in the very early '70s, the Swedes showed that soccer players with low muscle fuel (glycogen) walk about 50% of the game. And that was 30 years ago. What might be even more discouraging is that over half of a national team in the 1994 World Cup thought food had nothing to do with their game. Players eat what is put in front of them.

2. Sports drinks are just a product of marketing; they are no better than water

No question that water is well understood by the active public. The days of fluid restriction during sports are long gone. But researchers have been looking at improving on water ever since the advent of Gatorade. The timing, volume, temperature and components of sports drink have been under continual study.

For example, a drink does no good if it stays in the stomach, so the concentration of sugars is limited. A drink does no good if it doesn't get from the small intestine into the blood, so there is an optimal concentration of salt in the drink. And a drink isn't all that effective if it doesn't stay in the body -- meaning that the volume of drink and salt concentration, again, are critical.

Plain water doesn't have these advantages. A well-formulated drink has the proper concentrations of sugars, salts, and micronutrients, making it more effective than water alone.

3. All sports drinks are alike, so just buy any of them

A lot of people think this, and the marketing of different drinks can lead to this perception. But a close look at labels will show vastly different drinks.

To start with, there are basically three completely different types of drinks: fluid replenishment drinks, carbohydrate replenishment drinks and energy drinks.

Fluid replenishment drinks are formulated to provide optimal concentrations of sugars and salts, leading to rapid absorption and retention of fluids in order to prevent dehydration and improve performance.

Carbohydrate replenishment drinks are designed to provide a fast source of carbohydrates that are rapidly absorbed by the intestines. These can be used during a game for extra fuel as well as right after play to start storing energy for the next day or game. The best drinks have a little protein in them that speeds the uptake and deposit of fuel into the muscle.

Energy drinks are highly caffeinated drinks that deliver a small bump in energy due to caffeine's effect on the central nervous system, not by adding any more fuel to the muscles. Plus, caffeine is a diuretic, so it can increase urine volume, and any urine loss of water during exercise is not good.

4. It doesn't matter what players eat after games

I go to games and tournaments and see some of the worst post-game feedings possible: soda, sweet drinks in soft packaging, potato chips, other salty snacks, chocolate, fries. You've seen it.

The smart team supplies food that will start refilling the muscles with carbohydrates at just the time that the muscles are most ready to receive a fresh supply of fuel; the first hour to two after exercise. And that food probably doesn't come in a bag.

A good supply of carbohydrates is needed, and it can come from a carbohydrate replenishment drink or other high-glycemic foods like bagels with jam/jelly, the ingredients for "chex mix" (not the premixed boxes from the store, but the ingredients minus the oil and toasting), pretzels, raisins (or other dried fruit). This is even more critical between tournament games when time is even shorter.

5. All athletes get enough protein from what they eat, so there's no need to look for other sources

While most every survey of the athletic diet shows that they get all the protein they need from food, there is a problem. The vast majority of protein is consumed in conjunction with fat. Marbled meat, ground beef, fried chicken in the skin all are examples of protein that is combined with lots of fat.

Red meat should be trimmed of fat, ground beef should be very lean, chicken should have the skin removed. But one place protein is often lacking is the immediate post-exercise meal. A little protein helps in storing new fuel in the muscles faster than when there is no protein. You can try to figure out a protein source (NOT from a fast food chain) or simply buy one of the carbohydrate replenishment drinks that contain protein.

6. I just coach; what the players eat is their problem

While I have already stated that most all studies show that players are not eating properly, there is an implicit question. Who tells the athlete what to eat?

There have been plenty of surveys asking where athletes get their information and the top two sources are the coach and teammates. Now, from what we know, teammates are probably pretty unreliable. That leaves the coach as the primary source of information. But should the coach tell the player or the parents?

As the player eats what is put in front of them, that means the parents are now the assistant coach in charge of fuel. They need to know what to serve and when to serve it. Your new assistant may think the various versions of the Atkins diet are good for themselves, but those high-protein diets do the athlete no good when it comes to providing fuel. Make sure your parents know the facts.

7. Your body is the best indicator of when to drink

Now, that is true ... if you are a donkey, or a dog. The thirst mechanism of humans isn't as good.

In fact, the human thirst mechanism doesn't even kick in until you have lost about 2% of your body weight from sweating; a level where performance decrement begins to become evident.

Drink early (before play), every 15 - 20 minutes during play, and at halftime. Put water bottles along the sidelines, in both goals, supply during stoppages. Remember that playing in the cold is also dehydrating, so don't forget to push fluids even in cold weather.

There are likely more myths coaches, players and parents may be following, but by following some of the guidelines mentioned here will put your team at a significant advantage over the opposition.

Copyright 2002 © Donald T. Kirkendall



Soccer recovery: Bounce back faster after games
By Dr. Don Kirkendall
For Active.com, 10/24/2003
 
A soccer game can take a lot out of you. When the final whistle blows, you are tired and sore, as expected. But there are things you can do to bounce back quickly from games.

If you do them, you will have plenty of energy and less leftover muscle soreness by the time you practice again. If you don't do them, you might stay sluggish and tender a lot longer.

Nutrition tips

Nutrition is an important part of recovery. Nutritional recovery has three components:

1. Rehydrate

During games, you sweat, and when you sweat, you lose two important substances that your body needs: water and selected minerals called electrolytes (the stuff that makes sweat taste salty).

After games, you need to put these substances back into your body, in a little greater amounts than what you lost, sooner rather than later. Until you rehydrate, your body will have a hard time keeping cool and you may be prone to cramps and other problems.

Drinking water is just a start because it does not contain electrolytes. You're better off drinking a sports drink that has both water and electrolytes. Try to drink at least 12 ounces of sports drink in the first half-hour after the game ends. If it's a hot day, you may need to drink even more.

The goal is to drink 1.5 pints for every pound of weight lost over the next 24 hours, before the next workout. Your urine should be no darker than diluted lemonade.

2. Re-energize

You also burn a lot of energy fuel during games. The main energy fuel used in high-intensity sports like soccer is carbohydrate, which is stored in your muscles, liver, and blood. The human body cannot story very much carbohydrate. In a hard game, you can easily burn most of the carbohydrate fuels in your body.

It's important to quickly replace this carbohydrate. Until you do, you will not have much energy. Most sports drinks contain carbohydrates, so a convenient way to put energy back into your body is to get it from the same place you get your water and electrolytes.

You can also get carbohydrate from foods like fruits, breads, starches and certain vegetables. Muscles refill with carbohydrate the fastest immediately after exercise. Don't wait even as little as two hours after exercise to start, as the rate of refilling becomes slower.

3. Rebuild

Your muscles are mostly made of proteins. During games, some muscle protein can be damaged; this is a main reason your legs feel sore and weak after games. The good news is that your body is able to build new muscle proteins at two to three times the normal rate after hard exercise. All you need to do is supply the building blocks -- protein -- to do the job in the first couple hours after the game is over.

Most sports drinks do not contain protein, but some of the new ones are adding it. Using a sport drink with protein is a good way to go because of the convenience. You can get the water, electrolytes, carbohydrate, and protein you need for recovery all from one source.

You can also get protein from foods like meat and cheese, but these foods also tend to be high in fat. When you eat a lot of fat after hard exercise, or even too much protein, it takes longer for the nutrients to get through your system to your muscles. This slows down the whole recovery process.

So a sport drink that contains protein is a better choice for post-game nutrition. It contains everything your body needs to bounce back fast, and without anything unneeded to get in the way.

Get a head start on recovery

Using a sport drink with protein during games is also a good idea for two reasons. First, it will delay fatigue so you can play harder, longer. In one experiment, athletes who drank a sports drink with protein were able to exercise 24% longer than athletes who drank a regular sports drink with no protein.

Second, the protein in the drink will reduce the amount of muscle protein breakdown that happens during the game, so there is less rebuilding to be done afterward.

Other tips

While your muscles are still warm after a game, stretch your muscles. This will keep your blood flowing, helping to deliver nutrients to your muscles and to clear away built-up wastes. You can start drinking your sports drink while you stretch. Later in the day, you can massage your legs using your thumbs, and this will also help with blood flow.

After you play a game, try not to do anything too strenuous for the rest of the day. Your body requires rest in order to rehydrate, re-energize, and rebuild the muscles. At the very least, be sure to get plenty of sleep that night. During sleep, your body releases hormones that help your muscles rebuild.

The recovery checklist

After every game:




Recovery Nutrition for High School Athletes
Jacqueline Berning, Ph.D., R.D.
for Gatorade Sports Performance News 10/20/04
It's 8:45 p.m. on a school night and you and 35 athletes are loading on a bus and heading back to school after an away game. Like many high school athletes, your team didn't eat much before the game, and now they are complaining that they're hungry and thirsty. As a coach, what do you do? If you stop to eat on the way home, it will take another hour to get there. Some of the athletes have homework to do, while others need the extra sleep. If they don't eat, you know that they're performance will suffer. Research shows that the decision you make will have an impact on their ability to play and compete at their peak.

Recovering from Exercise
Not eating and drinking after competition and training can have negative consequences on future athletic performance. For instance, many coaches don't realize that it can take up to 36 hours to reload the muscles of athletes who delay refueling their bodies. Such a delay means that the athletes will not have the energy to meet the demands of their sport. This is especially true for sports that have repeated competitions such as tournament play in volleyball, basketball, soccer, swimming or tennis. Parents and coaches need to recognize that an intense game or a hard interval-training session can be just as exhausting as running a marathon. Athletes who fail to refuel and/or rehydrate during these activities will not have the optimal level of energy the next day.

What to Eat
Carbohydrates
Muscle glycogen is the predominant fuel for energy during exercise. As carbohydrate (glucose) is the primary source of muscle glycogen, it is the most efficient source of energy for the body and should make up approximately 60 percent of an athlete's diet. Depending on the size of the athlete, that could amount to anywhere between 300 to more than 600 grams of carbohydrate each day. Carbohydrate-rich foods include whole-grain breads, rice, pasta, fruits, vegetables and sports drinks.

A carbohydrate snack consumed within 30 minutes after the competition or practice will allow the body to start the recovery process faster. In addition, players need to consume a carbohydrate-rich meal within two hours after the recovery snack. This ensures that the muscles continue to load with carbohydrate energy. For most high school athletes, that means eating a meal soon after they get home from competition or practice.

Protein
Protein also plays an important role in recovering from exercise. Although carbohydrates are the primary source of energy for muscles, consuming a small amount of protein shortly before or after exercise may help the body recover from exercise in a different way, by stimulating muscle repair and growth. This is backed by research that found that adding protein to the recovery snack does not enhance the muscle's ability to store energy, but instead, this extra protein is used by the muscles to rebuild after exercise.

Note that it does not take large amounts of protein to get these results. In fact, when athletes eat a combination of carbohydrates and protein post-exercise, the carbohydrates are used to refill the muscles with fuel, while the protein is used to help build and repair muscle tissue.

What to Drink
Athletes need to replace the fluids they lose through sweat to fully recover from exercise. The easiest way to do this is to consume a sports drink, as sports drinks have flavor to encourage drinking and contain electrolytes, such as sodium and potassium to maintain fluid balance in the body. For instance, if an athlete drinks plain water and does not eat any salty foods for the two hours after exercise, a significant portion (25 to 50 percent) of what they drink will be excreted as urine. However when an athlete rehydrates with a drink that contains both sodium and potassium at the proper levels, then 65 to 80 percent of the fluid is retained by the body, helping to better rehydrate the player.

A Coach's Story
Like many high school coaches, Chad Allen, who coaches the men's soccer team at Douglas County High School in Castle Rock, Colorado, was frustrated with the amount of time it took to feed his players after an away game. While the Huskies' road trips are generally not over an hour, stopping and feeding both the JV and Varsity teams added another hour to the trip. A late afternoon game with travel and eating would mean the bus did not arrive back at school until nearly 8:00 p.m.

To solve this problem, Chad implemented a strategy where parents provide snacks for his players to consume on the way home, thus eliminating the late trips and the problem of finding someplace to eat after the game. The strategy is working, as he has noticed an improvement in their performance. Their attitudes and moods are also better. “It used to be that the kids were so hungry and thirsty that they were quite irritable,” states Chad. “Now, we have the chance to relax on the bus ride home, knowing we will have something healthy and satisfying waiting for us to eat.”

Recovery Foods
Here's a sample of healthy foods to help athletes recover from exercise:
Jacqueline Berning, Ph.D., R.D., is a nutrition consultant for the Denver Broncos and Cleveland Indians as well as an associate professor at the University of Colorado at Colorado Springs.
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Quick Tips

Iron Depletion: What you and your doctor need to know

by Jeff Hess
2005, Track & Field News

Before you read on and decide that the following is either gospel or garbage, let me suggest that it's neither. I'm addressing a medical issue, but I'm just a high school track coach with degrees in English and Physical Education. I have no medical training, but I have watched enough athletes fade mysteriously from super-fitness to super-misery that I started researching the possible causes.

More than anything else my questions led to the same answer: Iron. Too often we've attributed declining performances among high school athletes (especially girls) to structural changes relating to puberty or injuries resulting from overtraining. It's my belief-and I'm not alone here-that a great many of those cases are caused directly from iron depletion and could be remedied with proper nutrition and supplementation.

But don't take my word for it. Do your own research; talk to you coach, parents and doctor and make an informed decision about what's right for you. For starters though, you can continue reading and find out what I've learned over the last few years.

Iron is a particularly important mineral for endurance athletes due to its role in binding oxygen, which is circulated through the lungs and to the working muscles. Unfortunately, our bodies absorb only about 15% of the iron we ingest, and distance runners do just about everything possible to deplete the iron that they do consume.

Iron is lost through sweat and gastrointestinal irritation. It is temporarily lost through "footstrike hemolysis" (bursting blood cells through foot impact with the ground). Iron absorption is inhibited by calcium, coffee, tea, carbonated beverages and non-steroidal anti-inflammatories (all that ibuprofen some of you swallow). Women lose a substantial amount of iron through menstruation, making them more susceptible to iron depletion, but it is a concern for all distance runners-male and female.

Anemia, clinical iron deficiency, is not rare among runners, but even more common than iron deficiency is "iron depletion" due to low ferritin stores. Ferritin is an iron-containing protein that is primarily responsible for iron storage in the bone marrow. It is common among distance runners to have acceptable hemoglobin and hematocrit counts even when ferritin levels are severely depleted. For less active people, low ferritin levels are much less significant and don't often draw the attention of medical professionals.

However, the results of low ferritin levels for distance runners are significant. While iron depletion rarely results in the general lethargy associated with true iron-deficiency anemia, distance runners with low ferritin will likely experience abnormal exhaustion, increased blood lactate, slow recovery, declining performances, heavy legs, muscular tightness, loss of motivation, and substantially increased risk of injury. Does any of this sound familiar?

And there's more. Overuse injuries (the type of injuries distance runners get) double with ferritin levels under 20 and triple with levels under 12. I think it's safe to suggest that iron depletion is rarely considered to be the root cause of these injuries. Instead we focus on mileage, running surfaces, shoes and the other usual suspects. If you were nodding your head thinking the previous symptoms sound like a checklist of your most recent season, go get your serum ferritin tested.

People within the medical and running communities have been aware of anemia for decades, but the prevalence and severe impact of iron depletion (low ferritin) is still far too much of a secret. The normal range for serum ferritin levels depends on whom you talk to. I have read everything from 50-150 nanograms per milliliter (ng/ml) to 10-300 ng/ml. However, we know that the lower the ferritin level, even within the "normal" range, the more likely a person is iron depleted. Virtually all female distance runners who have been training for a year or more are well below 50 ng/ml unless they take supplemental iron.

At South Eugene High School, we became aware of the consequences of low iron in the spring of 2001 when three of our female distance runners all came back from blood tests with ferritin levels below 10 ng/ml. All three had all run their best times two years before but had been plagued with injuries and frustration since. During those two years, they had multiple blood tests, but the doctors never checked their serum ferritin levels.

Within four weeks of beginning an aggressive supplementation program, all three felt substantially more energy while running; their enthusiasm and joy for running returned, and they began to run much faster. Within two months, their levels were between 35 and 55 ng/ml. All three went on to compete collegiately and ran times far superior to what they ran in high school.

Since that initial experience, we have suggested that all the girls on the team have complete iron tests. Only five out of the dozens who have been tested, have been within the acceptable range for serum ferritin, and those five were either big meat eaters or had been taking supplemental iron for years. Half of the girls tested have been below 12 ng/ml.

Most of those tests were conducted at the beginning of the year, giving the girls enough time to boost their levels by the end of the season. It makes better sense to have everyone tested (boys and girls and absolutely all vegetarians) long before the season begins, so that any deficiencies can be addressed before the more strenuous training begins. Obviously, the best attack against this problem is not allowing it to occur in the first place. Those taking supplemental iron and eating an iron rich diet will most likely never develop an iron deficiency.

When a blood test reveals that iron supplementation is called for, there are many options for correcting the deficiency. Begin by increasing the amount of iron-rich foods and foods high in Vitamin C in your diet, avoid caffeine with meals, use cast iron cookware, and consider taking supplemental iron.

With our athletes, we have noticed significantly faster and more dramatic results among those who are supplementing with ferrous sulfate or ferrous gluconate elixir and ascorbic acid than with those who have taken iron tablets. Obviously, this is something that should be undertaken only after consulting with a physician, but many doctors still appear to be unaware of the problem of iron depletion. You may need to educate your doctor before your doctor can help you.

As a competitive distance runner, you should know about the importance of iron, but it's not a cure-all, and it should be a blame-all either. I've had a few athletes develop instant cases of iron depletion the day after a hard workout or a late night of homework. It doesn't work that way. Iron consumption is only one piece of the big nutrition puzzle, and nutrition is only one piece of the enormous How-to-be-the-best-runner-I-can-be puzzle, but if you're truly devoted to completing the enormous one, you might help yourself get there by giving your doctor a vial of your well-pumped blood.

(Jeff Hess grew up in Eugene when it was the running mecca and states that he is looking forward to "being part of its renaissance". Jeff coached 25 state champions at Glendale High School (OR) between 1990 and 1999. He then came back to his alma mater, South Eugene High, in 1999 and served as an assistant track coach and co-head cross-country coach until taking both head positions in 2003. The SEHS girls team was the Oregon State XC champs in 2001, runners up in 2002 and 2005, and the boys were runners-up in 2004.

Jeff's Personal Running Stats:

4-time Oregon high school state champion
Junior National Champion - Steeplechase 1979
High School National Record Holder - Steeplechase 8:50.1
US Olympic Trials finalist 1984 - Steeple PR of 8:25.41)


Food variety: The spice of life

By Nancy Clark, M.S., R.D.
For Active.com
May 30, 2006

"My diet is so boring ... I eat the same foods every day."

"The waitress at the cafe no longer asks me what I want for breakfast -- she knows I'll have black coffee, orange juice and a toasted bagel without cream cheese."

"Is it bad to eat the same foods day after day?"

Many athletes eat the same foods every day, day after day, for years. Their typical menu is based on bagels, turkey breast, pasta, chicken breast, frozen yogurt and pretzels.

This repetition keeps life simple, eliminates decisions, and feels safe -- safe from "getting fat" by eating foods with unknown calories, as well as safe from eating the "wrong food" that might contribute to digestive upset while exercising.

The benefits of eating a variety of foods

Some athletes are content with their self-described "boring diet." But if you eat a repetitive diet and wonder about the healthfulness of this pattern, you might want to think about the benefits of eating a variety of foods. Here's why:

You'll consume a wider variety of nutrients. For example, if your only fruit is apples, you'll fail to get the folic acid that's found in oranges. If your primary protein source is chicken breast, you'll miss out on the iron and zinc that's better found in beef.

You'll reduce the chances of getting excessive amounts of a food that might be harmful. For example, if the grapes you eat every day have a bad pesticide on them, you'll consume a higher dose than if you were to alternate grapes with bananas, oranges and kiwi. Or, if you eat several nutrient-fortified energy bars every day, you might get too much of one mineral, which could create an imbalance with other another mineral eaten in smaller amounts.

You'll reduce the need for supplements. Eating many types of foods makes it easier to consume more of the 600-plus known compounds that food offers -- including the 13 known vitamins and 22 essential minerals, and numerous other minerals, phytochemicals, fibers and health protectors found in whole foods. Whole foods offer more nutrients, and better absorbed nutrients, than pills. For example:

You'll enhance your overall health. Studies suggest that people who eat a wide variety of food groups tend to be healthier and have a reduced risk of disease, including heart disease and diabetes. At each meal, you should plan to eat from at least three of these five foods groups:
  1. Grain
  2. Fruit
  3. Vegetable
  4. Meat, fish, poultry, nuts, beans and other protein-rich foods
  5. Low-fat milk, yogurt, dairy and other calcium-rich foods
You should also eat different types of foods within each group. For example, by eating a variety of colorful fruits and vegetables (tomatoes, carrots, spinach, oranges, watermelon, blueberries), you'll consume a variety of the antioxidants that protect against the formation of cataracts in your eyes.

A tale of two diets

Because eating a variety of foods is so important, the nutrition professionals in Australia launched a food campaign to encourage Australians to eat 20 to 30 different foods a week. Currently, most Australians eat only 15 to 18 different foods. I'd dare say the same holds true in this country (if not fewer different foods)!

Let's count the number of foods typically eaten by two types of active people:


Diet profile #1: The weight-conscious exerciser
1. Oatmeal
2. Turkey breast
3. Pita bread
4. Lettuce
5. Tomato
6. Rice cakes
7. Apple
8. Energy bar
9. Yogurt
10. Grilled chicken
11. Sweet potato
12. Broccoli

Oops! That's only 12!


Diet profile #2: Junk-food junkie
1. Coffee
2. Big Mac
3. Coke
4. Chocolate-chip cookies
5. M&Ms
6. Pizza
7. Chinese fried rice
8. Ice cream
9. Potato chips
10. Beer

How many of these items even count towards "real" food?


What's your number?

Now, it's your turn to do your math. For the fun of it (and education as well), write down what you eat for a week and count the number of different foods you consume. How did you do? If the number looks grim, here are some tips for enhancing food variety:

Bread: Select from a variety -- pumpernickel, rye, whole wheat, multi-grain, sunflower seed. Top with jam, peanut butter, almond butter, low-fat cottage cheese, light cream cheese.

Sandwich fillings: There's life beyond turkey breast! Lean roast beef (the kind you can get in a deli) is a fine alternative -- and offers far more vitamins and minerals. Peanut butter provides positive fats that lower the risk of heart disease. Tuna with light mayo is OK, as is hummus.

Snacks: Be creative and bypass yet-another rice cake, pretzel or energy bar. How about almonds and dried fruit, yogurt with granola, an apple with low-fat cheese, vegetable soup with rye crackers or graham crackers with peanut butter? Target two foods per snack (and three-plus foods per meal).

Consider cutting back on energy bars that are little more than sugar-coated vitamin pills with a little added protein. They commonly lack fiber and phytochemicals -- the important components of the fruits they tend to displace from the athlete's snack menu.

Pasta: Plain pasta isn't a vitamin-packed food. Pasta meals get their nutritional power from the tomato sauce on top, the veggies on the side, and the accompanying protein in the lean beef, turkey, tofu or beans added to the sauce. Round out the pasta meal with low-fat milk, salad (lettuce, carrot, pepper, tomato), crusty whole grain bread, and berries for dessert. You'll enjoy a 10-food sports meal that invests in both performance and health!


Sports nutritionist Nancy Clark, M.S., R.D., counsels both casual and competitive athletes in her private practice at Healthworks (617-383-6100), the premier fitness center in Chestnut Hill, MA. Her best-selling Sports Nutrition Guidebook, Food Guide for Marathoners and The Cyclist's Food Guideare available at www.nancyclarkrd.com or www.sportsnutritionworkshop.com.


Choose a variety of fruits and vegetables of different colors for a wide range of phytonutrients.
Choose a variety of fruits and vegetables of different colors for a wide range of phytonutrients.

Copyright © 2006 Active Network


The real value of protein

By Ilana Katz, M.S., R.D., L.D.
For Active.com
May 24, 2006

A typical problem for athletes is that they lack the stored energy required for quality training. A contributor to this problem is the common misconception that protein is a good primary fuel source for strength training, muscle building and intense exercise.

It's difficult to find a body builder who doesn't rely on some form of protein or amino-acid supplement, and attributes their success to these products. These athletes in particular consume much more protein than they need.

Because this higher-than-necessary consumption of protein can offset the intake of other essential energy nutrients (carbohydrates), it's not surprising that many athletes struggle with low energy during a workout.

All nutrients (carbs, protein, fat) get converted to energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), but each nutrient has unique properties that determine how it gets converted to energy.

It's important to clear up the misconception that protein is a ready source of energy, and uncover the real value of protein: recovery.

Carbohydrates: Efficient energy

Carbohydrate is the main nutrient that fuels moderate to high-intensity exercise. Fat fuels low-intensity exercise for long durations. Once stored carbohydrate is used up, glycogen depletion occurs -- more commonly known as "hitting the wall" or "bonking."

During exercise, this can be avoided by simply replenishing carbohydrate stores (eating easily-digestible carbohydrates during exercise that lasts more than 90 minutes). But glycogen depletion can also occur after several days of limited carbohydrate intake -- it's like going into your workout on an empty tank of fuel.

Limiting carbohydrate intake forces the body to rely on fat metabolism for energy production, which is far less efficient and will limit performance. The main function of protein is to maintain and repair body tissues and isn't normally used to power muscle activity. But if carbs and fat aren't available, then the body will rely on protein as a last resort in order to satisfy energy requirements.

Protein balance and overload

Dietary protein is comprised of building blocks called amino acids. Once dietary protein is broken down into amino acids, they join together to synthesize the particular protein the body needs such as hair, nails, hormones, enzymes and muscles. The liver is the central processing unit of protein, monitoring the needs of the body and synthesizing the particular proteins from the amino acids.

The by-product of protein synthesis is nitrogen in the form of ammonia (NH3), which is converted to urea by the liver and extracted from the body by the kidneys in urine.

The consumption of too much protein has a negative impact. As ammonia builds up it's removed as urea, which offsets the pH balance of blood causing an acidic environment. The kidneys have to work overtime, using fluids to flush the nitrogenous ammonia from the blood in order to stabilize pH. This process increases the risk of dehydration. Excess dietary protein has also been shown to cause an excretion of calcium in the urine. Both dehydration and loss of calcium are detrimental to athletic performance.

Furthermore, too much protein upsets macro-nutrient balance, displacing the intake of carbohydrates and fat and causing the body to rely protein as a fuel. While protein can supply energy, it wastes valuable resources and results in a number of undesirable effects.

Nitrogen balance is reflective of the dietary intake of protein being balanced by the excretion of urea wastes. If nitrogen excretion is greater than the nitrogen content (protein) of the diet, one is said to be in negative nitrogen balance. This usually is indicated by the breakdown of muscle tissue.

If the nitrogen excretion is less than the content of the diet, a positive nitrogen balance is achieved and is indicated by the formation of protein. The resulting tissue formation, as such, allows repair and recovery from exercise.

Pre-workout protein recommendations

In general, a low-fiber, low-fat combination is recommended as a pre-workout fuel source because it's digested more quickly and thus reduces the risk of gastrointestinal distress. A small amount of protein combined with carbohydrate is fine before a workout, but too much protein isn't recommended.

Protein digestion is much slower than carbohydrate, so a protein-only meal may not be fully digested, causing water to be rapidly absorbed into the intestinal track. This increases the risk of gastrointestinal distress during exercise, so it's important to avoid a large protein meal several hours pre-exercise.

Protein for recovery

Research has shown that some protein consumed with carbohydrates shortly before and after exercise does help the body recover faster by initiating muscle repair and growth. Adding protein to a recovery meal doesn't enhance the muscle's ability to store energy, but it does stimulate the muscles to rebuild. Relatively small amounts of protein are required for muscle repair. Therefore, athletes should consume a combination of carbohydrates and protein post-exercise.

Carbohydrates are used to refill the muscles with fuel, while protein is used to help build and repair muscle tissue. Within the scientific community, the optimal ratio of carbohydrates to protein in the recovery process is still debated.

Based on experience and experimentation, most endurance athletes find a ratio of 3:1 carbohydrate to protein works best. This is a general recommendation, so athletes should be aware of their individual differences; a little more or a little less might work optimally for each individual.

Nutrient recovery guidelines

A generalized equation can be used to determine recovery requirements. Most athletes need to consume .5 grams of carbohydrate per pound of body weight every two hours for six to eight hours after a workout. Therefore, if you're consuming 240 calories (60g) of carbohydrate after a workout, with the generalized ratio of 3:1 (carbs to protein), 80 calories (20g) of protein should also be consumed.

Here's an example of the calculation for a 150-pound athlete:

  1. Multiply .5 grams of carbohydrate x 150 lbs. = 75 grams of carbohydrate needed for recovery.
  2. Multiply 75 grams x 4 (the number of calories in a gram of carbohydrate) = 300 calories of carbohydrate.
  3. If the recovery ratio of carbohydrate/protein is 3:1, then you need 100 calories of protein per 300 calories of carbohydrate. (100 calories divided by 4 (4 calories per gram) = 25 grams of protein).
Athletes often rely on liquid mixes for recovery. Carbohydrate-to-protein ratios are often formulated in the pre-made mixes for optimal recovery. Creating individualized recovery drinks requires experimentation with different types of carbohydrate and protein to determine which combination works best for you.

If you prefer to refuel with solid food, here are some healthy options:


Ilana Katz has a master's degree in dietetics with an emphasis in sports nutrition. She enjoys working with athletes of all levels, and specializes in body composition and weight management specific to individual needs. She participates in many endurance and team events in order to relate personally to her clientele. Ilana is The Sport Factory's head nutritionist, has worked with many local celebrities, and is the founder of the nutrition program IndiFITualize. Listen to Ilana on the Bertradio show (Q100) as well as Dave FMin Atlanta.


A turkey sandwich on whole wheat bread is an excellent post-exercise snack.
A turkey sandwich on whole wheat bread is an excellent post-exercise snack.
Copyright © 2006 Active Network



Stay on top of your fluid game

By Kim Mueller, M.S., R.D.
For Active.com
June 05, 2006

Determining fluid and electrolyte needs is perhaps the most important step in helping optimize performance, as dehydration's effects are widespread and serious. To really understand the importance of hydration, let's explore water's role in human performance.

1. Water is the medium for metabolic activity.
In order to properly metabolize the calories ingested during activity, an athlete needs to be hydrated. Even a slight level of dehydration, just one percent (1.5 lbs for a 150-pound athlete), can contribute to a five-percent decline in metabolic efficiency.

What does this mean for the athlete? First off, the calories being ingested, especially solid calories, will be left in the stomach rather than being distributed to the working muscles, leading to premature muscle fatigue.

Any fluids ingested will collect in the belly until there's a proper concentration for digestion. This leads to a shortage of fluid being directed to working muscles, and results in muscle cramping. During a high-impact activity, all the food and fluids left in the belly will be jiggling around, leading to uncomfortable side stitches, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea.

2. Water is a lubricant for our muscles and joints.
Noticeable muscle aches/pains/cramps can occur at the slightest bit of dehydration and become debilitating as dehydration becomes more severe. Headaches are also a common complaint.

3. Water helps cool the body
Water can be compared to the coolant we use in our cars. When the coolant runs low, our cars overheat. Our bodies perspire in order to lower our internal temperature; as blood flow to the skin increases the internal heat generated evaporates through sweat. An athlete may have a flushed or blotchy appearance.

As dehydration becomes more severe, this process becomes compromised causing core body temperature to elevate. The athlete may get the chills or goose bumps when the heat being generated isn't released from the body efficiently. If left untreated, dehydration can lead to heat exhaustion or heat stroke and potentially death.

For every percent drop in hydration, expect a three- to five-percent decline in performance. This is huge when you think about it -- it would be like adding an additional one to two minutes onto a 40-minute 10k runner's time. Thirst isn't a good indication of when an athlete needs to start drinking, as our thirst mechanism is initiated upon a three-percent level of dehydration which equates to a 10- to 15-percent drop in metabolic efficiency, cooling efficiency, muscle function and overall performance.

Determining sweat rate

Any athlete preparing themselves for peak performance should be on top of their fluid game -- they need to know their individual sweat rate and consequent fluid and electrolyte replacement needs. To determine sweat rate, weigh yourself both immediately pre- and post-exercise on several different occasions making note of environmental conditions and the intensity of the workout.

Every pound of body weight lost during exercise is equivalent to approximately 16 ounces of fluid. For example, if you consistently lose one pound on a 30-minute run in which no fluids are consumed, hourly fluid needs equal 32 ounces per hour, which is actually the upper end of norm for most athletes.

Since 1988, Gatorade Sports Science Institute (GSSI) Laboratories in Barrington, Illinois, have been helping athletes determine sweat rate, providing valuable scientific research and education in the areas of exercise, sports science and nutrition.

In August 2004, I had the opportunity to visit the GSSI lab to undergo a sweat test, which entailed measuring fluid loss and sweat electrolyte content during one hour of moderate-intensity exercise in warm conditions in their labs. Prior to starting the test, my weight was taken and recorded. I was asked to set the speed at an intensity that I was able to maintain easily for an hour. I was able to freely consume Propel Fitness Water during the run.

During the test, sweat patches were strategically placed on several areas of my body to help measure the electrolyte composition in my sweat. After an hour of running, I toweled off the sweat and once again took my weight.

Results of my sweat test at GSSI are shown on the table below and compared to pro triathlete Chris Leigh, who also was recently measured at GSSI Labs. With a fluid intake of only eight ounces and a total weight loss of just under two pounds, my calculated sweat rate was measured at 39 ounces per hour, as compared to the 74 ounces per hour lost by Chris.

The sweat patches were taken off and run through a series of lab tests which helped determine the salt concentration in my sweat, which was 172 milligrams per eight ounces, a concentration far below the Chris Leigh, who has a salt concentration of 350 milligrams per eight ounces.


Kim Mueller Chris Leigh

Athlete Description 28-year-old competitive female age-group triathlete and runner with no history of muscle cramping. 31-year-old Australian pro triathlete, who is a two-time Ironman Triathlon champion, winning the 2000 Ironman California and the 2004 Ironman Coeur d'Alene. In 1997 during the Hawaiian Ironman, Chris experienced the extremes of dehydration, including vomiting, diarrhea and severe stomach cramps that led him to collapse just 50 meters from the finish. Shortly after, he had surgery to remove one third of his large bowel, as it had died as a result of dehydration (his body stopped supplying oxygen and nutrients to his large bowel so that blood could continue flowing to his heart, lungs and muscles).

Exercise Protocol 1 hr treadmill running at 9.1 mph in a chamber with a constant 76 F temperature and 70% humidity. 4 hrs of stationary cycling and treadmill running in 88 F and 71% humidity.

Total Fluid Loss 1.15 liters 8.8 liters

Hourly Fluid Needs 39 fluid ounces 74 fluid ounces

Total Salt Loss 840 mg 12,953 mg

Hourly Salt Needs 840 mg 3,238 mg

Take-home message

To ensure optimal absorption of calories, peak muscle function and efficient cooling of the body, it's essential that athletes stay on top of their fluid game. Determination of sweat rate, which can be calculated by evaluating total fluid intake and weight loss during activity, should be a high priority for athletes looking to maximize performance and protect against serious injury and/or health consequences such as heat stroke.

Electrolytes need to be added to fluids when training in heat and/or training duration extends beyond an hour. Most athletes require .5 to 1 liter of fluid per hour along with .5 to 1 gram of sodium during prolonged training to prevent the detriments associated with fluid and/or electrolyte imbalances.

Kimberly J. Mueller, M.S., R.D., is a registered sports dietitian and competitive endurance athlete who provides nutritional counseling and meal planning to athletes worldwide. For more information about Kim, visit www.kbnutrition.com or contact her at kim@kbnutrition.com.


Even a slight level of dehydration, just one percent (1.5 lbs for a 150-pound athlete), can contribute to a five-percent decline in metabolic efficiency.
Even a slight level of dehydration, just one percent (1.5 lbs for a 150-pound athlete), can contribute to a five-percent decline in metabolic efficiency.
copyright © 2006 Active Network



Feed your hungry jocks foods to fuel performance

By Barbara Mahany
Chicago Tribune

Posted: 06/07/2011 12:01:00 PM PDT

A scary thing happens in the kitchen when a kid, who used to scarf down half the pantry and call it "just a snack," decides to take up an uber-taxing sport. And then decides he is going to eat like the pros.

You can:

A. Take out a second mortgage to cover the grocery bills or ...

B. Get smart, and make sure every bite counts.

We went with the latter when the lanky 6-foot-3 kid in our house decided to become a varsity rower and put us to the test.

We turned to the sports nutritionist Harper's Bazaar calls "one of the top 10 experts to help revamp your diet" -- and who counts among her clients elite athletes and pros, including the Stanley Cup-winning Chicago Blackhawks, the Miami Heat's Dexter Pittman and the Minnesota Twins' Jim Thome.

Julie Burns, founder of SportFuel Inc., and the mother of high-school-age triplets, has long been a walking encyclopedia of supernutrition.

Here's her Gospel for Hungry Jocks (and those who feed them): "What we tell athletes and kids: Eat foods that will rot and spoil, but eat them before they do."

She explains: "Say you have a box of (sugary cereal) that you leave over winter at some cabin in the woods. You come back the next summer, you can still eat it. But with foods that rot, the reason they become not edible is that they're alive and they have enzymes. What creates high performance is clean protein, healthy fats and minimally processed carbohydrates with all the nutrients and enzymes nature packaged with them."

Instead of grabbing a bagel, she says, scramble eggs and grab a bowl of raspberries. You need the antioxidants and the protein.

"The truth is if we don't prepare to eat well, we'll eat poorly," she cautions.

She knows too well what kids will eat if they're at an all-day swim meet, or a rowing regatta, and the booster club -- with best intentions -- hauls in a groaning board of granola bars, PB&J and juice bottles.

"You want to make every bite count," she says. "So think ahead, pack a cooler of real foods: hard-cooked eggs, plain yogurt, turkey jerky, pumpkin seeds, nuts, and dried and fresh fruits."

Eat Like a Pro

Give these tips from Burns to your teen athletes and tell them: No need to tackle all of 'em at once. Just take one at a time, and watch what happens to your sports performance.
Consider grass-fed beef. It contains higher amounts of omega-3 fatty acids, GLA (gamma-linolenic acid, an omega-6 fatty acid), vitamins A and E, and zinc, essentials all.
Add a green drink (a fresh or powdered blend of an alphabet of fruits and greens) to your daily regimen to boost your vegetable consumption.
Add lemon to water whenever possible; it helps to alkalize your body, which makes you feel good.
Drink at least one 8-ounce cup of green tea each day. Its wonders are too long to list.
Chow down on carbohydrates and some protein in liquid form -- whey with colorful fruit juice and even coconut water -- as soon as possible after your workout.
Brazil nuts will boost selenium intake and may have anti-cancer properties.

An Athlete's Guide to Late-Summer Dehydration

August 6, 2013

With the summer heat bearing down, athletes should be especially mindful of proper hydration. During strenuous exercise in extreme heat, your body can lose up to two liters of fluid every 30 minutes, and you need to drink two to four glasses of water for each hour of physical activity.

This shouldn't be surprising when you consider that on average, a man's body weight is 60 percent water, and a woman's approximately 50 percent. Since muscle contains more water than fat does, the percentage can be as low as 40 in an overweight person and 70 in a muscular person.

Nothing affects endurance, strength and performance more than dehydration. It can decrease your cardiovascular system function and aerobic power and throw off your body's ability to regulate its temperature. It can also contribute to gastrointestinal discomfort and overall fatigue, making it nearly impossible to be at the top of your game.

Dizziness, headaches, profuse sweating, nausea, weakness and visual disturbances may indicate the onset of heat exhaustion from dehydration. Drinking water and electrolytes at the first sign of these symptoms may help you avoid painful cramps. Ignoring the symptoms, on the other hand, could put you in serious trouble with heat stroke, possibly leading to seizures and even death.

According to a study published in June 2013 by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), extreme heat contributes to more 650 deaths each year. From 1999 to 2009, 7,233 people in the United States died from heat-related conditions.

For prolonged physical activities like marathons, triathlons and tournaments, athletes absolutely need to replace fluids. After 60 minutes of strenuous exertion, you should also replenish energy-stoking glucose stores along with the salt that you lose when you sweat. Sports drinks with added electrolytes may be helpful.

Most sports drinks on the market today—think Gatorade—typically contain 14 to 18 grams of carbohydrates in the form of glucose per 8-ounce serving, as well as a blend of muscle-friendly electrolytes like sodium and potassium. One 24-ounce bottle can give your body all it needs to replenish itself after an hour of intense training in high temperatures.

Active women should drink at least two liters of water every day, and men should drink three liters. If you're working out for more than an hour in the heat, add sports drinks to your fluids, too.

How to Prevent Summer Dehydration

Here are guidelines for athletes to avoid dehydration-related "bonking" (hitting the wall), as well as more serious heat-related illness:

  • Drink three 8-ounce servings of water for every pound of body weight you lose during activity.
  • Check urine color—the clearer the better!
  • Chug as much water as possible 24 hours before competition (hyperhydration).
  • Two to three hours before an event, drink 1-1/2 to 2-1/2 cups of water.
  • For events lasting longer than 30 minutes, consume 1/2 cup to 1-1/2 cups of water every 15 minutes.
  • Make sure you're losing no more than 2% of your body weight during competition (a 150-pound runner can lose up to 3% of her body weight in an hour without proper hydration).
Read more:

Source:

Williams, Melvin H. Nutrition for Health, Fitness and Sport: 8th Edition. McGraw-Hill. May 2006.


Colleges are beginning to put more emphasis on students' shut-eye

Published: Thursday, Sep. 13, 2012 - 12:00 am | Page 1D

As college students return to campus, they're showered in the usual handouts of coupons, condoms and credit cards. But some schools are also giving students what a growing body of research reveals could make a huge difference in their college careers: ear plugs, sleep shades and napping lessons.

College health officials are finally realizing that healthy sleep habits are a potential miracle drug for much of what ails the famously frazzled modern American college student: anxiety, depression, physical health problems and – more than most students realize – academic troubles. Some studies have found students getting adequate sleep average a full letter grade higher than those who don't.

But adolescent biorhythms make it hard enough for college students to get the sleep they need, a recommended nine hours. On top of that, campus life turns out to resemble a giant laboratory experiment designed for maximum sleep deprivation: irregular schedules, newfound freedom, endless social interaction, loud and crowded housing, late-night exercise and food washed down by booze, coffee and energy drinks. Campuses pulsing with energy at midnight by mid- afternoon resemble Zombie U, with students dozing in library chairs, on yoga mats and even in coffee shops.

Technology isn't helping, with wireless Internet adding to the 24/7 distractions and students sleeping with their smartphones on. That likely helps explain data showing college students got about eight hours of sleep in the 1960s and '70s, seven by the '80s, and, according to more recent surveys, closer to six these days.

Campaigning recently, even President Barack Obama told some students at an Ohio State University diner that he assumed "you guys have arranged it so you don't have really early morning classes."

No such luck.

"Actually, I failed that," one student replied, telling the president he had one at 8 a.m. the next day.

Now, some counselors and health officials are trying to get the message out in creative ways. At tiny Hastings College in Nebraska, student peer educators plop down a bed in the middle of the student union, dress themselves in pajamas, and talk to passers-by about sleep. Macalester College in Minnesota publishes a "nap map" listing pros and cons of various campus snooze sites. And many schools offer seminars on napping (basic lesson: short naps work best).

The University of Louisville is even planning a campus-wide "flash nap" – think of a flash mob but with sleeping, not dancing – later in the school year. ("We have to arrange in it advance so our public safety folks know it's not an epidemic of something," said director of health promotion Karen Newton).

Still, given the scope of sleeping problems, what's surprising is that such efforts are exceptional. Major, campus-wide campaigns appear rare or nonexistent. Experts say professors (and doctors) aren't always good sleep role models. As for deans and administrators, many seem hesitant to tell parents who've just dropped $50,000 on tuition that the big push on campus this year will be for everyone to sleep more.

While awareness is growing, at most schools sleep efforts amount to a few posters on campus or perhaps a few lines in a quickly forgotten talk during orientation week. While about three-quarters of college students have indicated occasional sleep problems, the latest National College Health Assessment found about the same proportion reported receiving no information from their school about sleep (though it's possible, in their sleepiness, some forgot).

"The average student is functioning with a clinical sleep disorder," said Lee Ann Hamilton, assistant director of health promotion and preventive services at the University of Arizona, describing research conducted on students there. They average about 6 1/2 hours per night (though students tend to over-report in such surveys).

But sleep time and quality measurements declined over the course of the academic year, while anxiety, depression and conflict with family, friends and roommates all rose.

Hamilton's office has been sending students a "Snoozeletter" with sleep tips.

As described by junior Sara Campbell, residence hall life at UA makes it hard even for students trying to sleep – constant late-night chattering, visitors coming and going, early morning cleaning crews. She aims to be asleep by 12:30 a.m. or so, but was dumbfounded to find girls on her hall regularly pulling all-nighters for papers and exams – basically academic suicide, the research shows.

"Not to speak bad of them, but a lot of them are freshmen and just decided to wait 'till the last minute," she said. Her big challenge was managing with a roommate who tries to keep earlier hours; this year the pair are moving off-campus together where they'll have separate bedrooms.

Still, Campbell is applying what she's learned about sleep as a psychology major. This year, she's arranged her schedule to have classes and work start at 8 a.m. every day of the week. That will be tough, but commits her to avoiding the destructive pattern that traps many college students – getting up early one day, then sleeping late the next.

"Regularity is key," Campbell said. "You can pick a schedule here and have a different time to get up every day, but going to bed at a different time every night, it wears on your body."

College mental health professionals are increasingly asking students about sleep right away, finding it's often the low-lying fruit for helping students with a range of issues.

"When you find depression, even when you find anxiety, when you scratch the surface 80 to 90 percent of the time you find a sleep problem as well," said University of Delaware psychologist Brad Wolgast.

Many students who think they have attention deficit hyperactivity disorder are often just sleep-deprived. Some simple steps to improve "sleep hygiene" are usually far preferable to prescribing drugs. (Wolgast is also seeing more students who've been prescribed sleeping pills, which he says usually harm sleep patterns more than help).

"On a campus they're dealing with alcohol, cocaine, marijuana, Ritalin abuse, sexual assault," Wolgast said. In comparison, sleep "looks like a small problem. But the truth is if I could wave a magic wand and change everybody's sleep, there would be fewer problems with pretty much everything else."

But Wolgast and others don't have a magic wand, and have concluded that nagging students, or fighting the campus culture, is hopeless. Running napping classes – pitched as ways to help students maximize their sleep – has proved a more effective pitch.

Students also happily accept earplugs. Hastings, with just 1,200 students, orders them in bulk from a manufacturing supply company and hands out thousands, said Beth Littrell, director of campus health services.

The guru of the college sleep crusade is James Maas, who over 48 years taught more than 65,000 students in Cornell University's most popular class – a sleep-focused version of introductory psychology. Maas evangelized to his students and experimented on them as well, asking them to wear sleep-monitoring headbands and showing them magnetic-resonance images of the brains of sleep-deprived college students.

"You can see that nothing is going on in their brains," Maas said. "Literally nothing."

Confronting students with such photos, along with hard data on how sleep undermines academic performance, is the most effective way to change behavior, Maas said. Still, he'd like to see colleges do more: ending early classes, sound-proofing and air-conditioning dorms, putting sleep education into the curriculum.

The people most receptive to his message on campus are usually coaches. A few years back, he made his pitch to Cornell's basketball coach, who stopped morning practices. The next year the Big Red became the first Ivy League team since 1979 to advance to the Sweet 16 of the NCAA men's basketball tournament.

Sleep efforts have paid off at a number of boarding schools. After Maas spoke at the Deerfield Academy in Massachusetts in 2007, the school moved the start of classes from 7:55 to 8:30 a.m., cut sports practices and homework expectations 10 percent each, and got students back into dorms earlier at night.

The results? Twenty percent fewer student visits to the health center (in a bad flu year); 17 percent more students taking time for a hot breakfast, and a record increase in GPA. Also, several Deerfield sports teams enjoyed unexpectedly good years, thanks to late-season surges.

Of course, boarding schools have more control over students than colleges. But Deerfield Headmistress Margarita Curtis said that's no excuse for higher education. She said Deerfield's efforts worked because students bought into them.

"You need to appeal to their intellect," she said. "They responded because they saw that correlation. They saw if you get that extra hour of sleep, this is what happens in your brain, what happened to that athlete."

© Copyright The Sacramento Bee. All rights reserved.


Read more here: http://www.sacbee.com/2012/09/13/4813405/sleep-ucolleges-are-beginning.html#storylink=cpy


Growing Pains: The Effects of the Adolescent Growth Spurt on...

http://track.coachesdirectory.com/article/growing-pains-the-effects-of-the-adolescent-growth-spurt-on-article.html
Growing Pains: The Effects of the Adolescent Growth
Spurt on Biokinetic Energy Production and Middle
Distance Performance

By: Peter Thompson

Originally Published in: Techniques Magazine - Provided by: USTFCCCA

 
1

THE ELEPHANT IN THE ROOM

The four of them stood somewhat awkwardly together at the end of the cross-country race, the coach, the father, his wife and their daughter, the young athlete we'll call Liz. The father looked at his daughter and said, "I don't know what's the matter with you but last year you were easily beating all of these girls and now they're beating you and you're just not trying. I just can't understand it. Your mother and I do everything to support your running. We take you to training and to competitions but if you're not going to even try, what's the point."

Liz studied intently the muddy grass at her feet, unable or unwilling to respond to her father's comments. This was not the first time that this theme had been uttered in public in the preceding weeks and it had been touched on with greater vehemence in private, at home. The coach tried to intervene by mentioning, again, the fact that Liz had gone through a considerable growth spurt in the previous 12 months.

"I don't want to hear excuses. She hasn't grown that much and surely longer legs should mean that she can run faster. She's just not trying hard enough." And, with that comment from the father, the parents departed, leaving their daughter to run freely and cool down with the other members of her team. They, at least, were supportive and the coach had taught them all well what to expect as they each made their journey physically, mentally and socially through puberty and adolescence. The coach had her focus on the process, the father's, purely on the outcome.

A week later, the coach received a phone call from the athlete's mother. "I have to apologize. Last week when you said that Liz had grown a lot, we were not really aware of this and by how much. I've checked and in the past 12 months she has grown six inches and is 20 pounds heavier." No wonder then, that Liz was having problems emulating her previous year's performance. But, exactly what factors were causing the decreased performance? These conversations are fiction of course but, unfortunately, variations on this theme are played out within families each and every year.

There is always a very individualized response to the adolescent growth spurt but there are common contributors to performance at any age. We can identify these and then throw that knowledge against how the individual is impacted in any given area.

If we look at the simplest contributor to performance, it is how the athlete creates, manages, utilizes and expresses energy. The energy for middle and long distance performance derives from two principal sources, metabolic, or bioenergetics, sources and elastic, or biokinetic sources. Coaches have long concentrated on the metabolic development of their athletes but have, until relatively recently, not recognized and therefore paid less attention to the biokinetic contribution. Many still have too great a focus on training the metabolic energy systems of their athletes, ignoring biokinetic development, as an equal and powerful, metabolic energy-sparing contributor.

In this article we will focus on the effects of the adolescent growth spurt, AGS, on biokinetic energy production and middle distance performance. We know that biokinetic energy comes principally from the stored elastic energy of tendons and the fascia surrounding the muscles. Together, these structures are capable of providing an energy-return system, the efficiency of which is determined by the stiffness of the lower kinetic chain. We will come back to exactly what this "stiffness" is but it crucially defines performance.

The dramatic improvements and achievements of athletes such as Jenny Simpson, Galen Rupp, Paula Radcliffe and Mo Farah can be ascribed in large part to the appropriate development of the contribution from their elastic capacities. This development of optimal stiffness has turbo-charged their vVO2max, tlimvVO2max, running economy and performance. What has not been really examined previously is, "What is the effect, or potential effect, of the adolescent growth spurt on stiffness and biokinetic energy production?"

GROWTH AND MATURATION

Now, every single one of you reading this article knows that during puberty and adolescence the body normally goes through distinct stages including a considerable growth spurt. The adolescent growth spurt, AGS, varies by gender, with different timing of onset and rates of growth. On average, girls between 10 and 16 will grow 8 inches and gain 38 pounds; boys between the ages of 12-16 will grow an average of 12 inches and gain close to 48 pounds. If we look at the averages again, the first sign of puberty in girls occurs at 10-1/2 years of age, with breast development. The first period or menarche is at an average age of 12-13 years, and usually occurs about two years after puberty begins. This coincides with their peak in height velocity, the adolescent growth spurt, AGS.

Once the ovaries are mature, the legs have generally finished growing. Any increase in height after periods have begun, usually comes just from the torso, as the spine grows. Development continues and a child will have reached her final adult height about two years after menarche as, lastly, the bones of the pelvis widen and become smooth, in preparation for childbirth. This can occur up to the age of 18 or even later. Puberty generally begins later in boys, on average at 11-1/2 to 12 years of age and they undergo their AGS about 2-3 years later than girls.

The AGS usually begins at the distal areas, with an enlargement of the hands and feet and is later followed proximally, by growth in the legs and arms, then trunk and chest, for boys or hips, for girls. This growth pattern even follows a distal to proximal progression within the limbs, with the shin bones lengthening before the thigh and the forearms before the upper arms. And, for all parts of the body bones grow slightly ahead of muscles, tendons and fascia. This has profound effects on coordination, skill and stiffness.

For both girls and boys there is tremendous individual variation in the timing of physical development. One standard deviation (68 percent of any population) away from the normal has been stated as plus or minus two years for the AGS and two standard deviations (embracing 95 percent of any population) would be plus or minus four years. This means that we could have a boy or girl who is 14 by their birth age but physically be anywhere from 10 to 18 years of age. For 95 percent of the population, the AGS takes place in a range of 9 to 17 years of age for girls and 11 to 19 years of age for boys.

Adolescents who are developmentally away from the average in their physical development are identified as "early" or "late" developers. In athletics, the power events usually attract the early developers and cross-country and the longer running events, the late developer. The 800m and 1500m fall in between and we see both early and late developers performing well as children and through adolescence. Many times the early developers "'flatter to deceive" and fail to make the progress that their early performances indicate. Late developers, however, have the advantages of the androgynous body type of the pre-pubescent child until mid to late teens but then the AGS will still affect performance.

THE IMPACT OF THE AGS

Boys have a performance advantage through puberty since they gain height and muscle mass and testosterone stimulates greater production of hemoglobin, leading to an increased oxygen-carrying capacity. Girls gain height but also a relatively higher percentage of body fat.

But for both boys and girls running performance is impacted by the AGS through the well-known factors of loss of coordination and biomechanical efficiency, low energy levels, increased weight, decreased power to weight ratio, decreased functional VO2 max and for girls the additional changing biomechanics, as the hips broaden. The rapid growth also impacts the body's ability to control stiffness as the athlete loses the skill of running, if they had it, and this includes the ability to adapt to the running speed or surface to create and utilize elastic energy.

2

At its simplest, running is based on propelling the body forward while the body tries to keep its center of gravity level during the running cycle. During impact with the ground, the leg acts much like a spring, absorbing energy and releasing it later in the running cycle. The closer the 'stiffness' of the spring is to optimal, the better the elastic return and the less metabolic energy you will need to run at a certain speed, or the faster you can run for the same metabolic contribution.

To give you an example of this stiffness, think about what would happen if you were to run gently across a concrete parking lot at the beach and continue straight onto the sand. What would happen? Most probably, when you hit the sand your legs would remain extended to a much greater degree at each joint than they were while running over the parking lot. In other words, your legs would be stiffer on the sand. The stiffness of the leg is a function of the lower kinetic chain involving the hip, knee, ankle and foot joints and the connective tissues, tendons and fascia. If you were to sprint across the concrete on to the sand, you may well stumble and fall, as the legs do not have time to adjust to the new soft and giving surface.

Usually the body adapts and leg stiffness will relatively increase on softer surfaces and will decrease on harder surfaces. Incorrect stiffness produces negative results in either direction. If the lower elastic energy is dissipated, lost, in the impact. If the stiffness is not sufficient then the energy is dissipated, lost, into the squidgy spring and another consequence is that the muscles will have to activate more, use more metabolic energy.

There has recently been a re-evaluation of the "stretch-shortening cycle" or SSC and its role in biokinetic energy production. The old view of the elastic properties of the lower kinetic chain was to imagine an active SSC, with the muscle-tendon system acting as a rubber band. While loading and stretching it, energy would be stored (eccentric phase) in the muscle and this energy would be regained at shortening (concentric phase) for toe-off.

The current view is that the eccentric contraction phase of the muscle is not so important as the elastic properties of the tendon and muscle fascia. The muscle now needs to be emphasized as being in isometric mode all through our movement and drills. This is essentially the same rubber band analogy except there is a recognition that the muscle response and contribution is not as great as it was thought to be for creating force but is vital as a stabilizer and resistance. The rubber band is now the tendon and the muscle fascia and the most energy will be regained if the stiffness is optimal. The level of isometric stabilization by the muscles and positioning of the joints determines the stiffness of the system.

For all adolescents, boys and girls alike, there is a negative impact on stiffness during the AGS from the changes to the hardware, the skeleton, muscles and connective tissues. But, girls have the added factor of changes to non-contributing body weight. For girls, the adaptations required during and after the AGS before they recapture their full biokinetic, elastic energy capacities generally takes much longer.

WHAT CAN BE DONE?

Many of the things that you're prob-ably already doing can assist the passage through the AGS and do help in regaining elastic power but, now, you can perhaps see a different, or shift, in emphasis and different options.

Looking at research seems to tell us very little since most studies look at preadolescent compared to post adolescent subjects and performing jumping activities. Since the timing of the AGS is so individualized you would have to perform a longitudinal study over many years to obtain data on what is happening to stiffness during any given individual's AGS. The results of one study indicated that young children have insufficient stiffness. Another speculated, "that during adolescence, children acquire the ability to take greater advantage of elastic energy storage in the musculotendinous system when performing jumps." But let's look at what we know intuitively and from our new knowledge of the role of stiffness.

To be effective, the coach of adolescents must have some sense of the biological development of each of their athletes and take an individualized approach rather than a "group" approach. But within any group you can occasionally develop subgroups based on varying criteria, dependent on the activity, such as socio-mental maturation, physical maturation, competitive level or, simply, height.

Encourage and model healthy eating habits for all. Too many girls experience negative body image in adolescence and try to halt the healthy weight gains of the AGS, or even reverse it. But, an eating disorder typically helps an athlete maintain or improve performance as a runner for about six months. Then, the consequences are inevitable and disastrous. An eating disorder often leads to amenorrhea, the absence of menstruation. Amenorrhea decreases bone density. Low bone density leads to stress fractures and osteoporosis and a destructive downward spiral that leads to a fragile skeleton for life. The emphasis for both boys a girls through the AGS is to maintain a healthy lean body mass.

Introduce at an early age, sessions that develop awareness of correct, natural, neutral posture to be continued during the AGS. Without correct posture the kinetic chains are unlikely to ever be in a position to function optimally. Novel and new coordination movements should be introduced along with the continued practice and re-learning of previous skills and coordination. Since all of these activities require learning and re-learning, fatigue should not be allowed to be a factor in the session. For a great resource for exercises for developing posture and optimal stiffness refer to Jay Dicharry's 2012 book, "Anatomy for Runners."

Educate the athletes that frequency and variety is better than quantity. "More" training rarely equals "better" training We know that stiffness in running is a function of speed of running, shoe softness, surface softness and terrain. In all these areas there should be variety and more, variety. Change the paces and never jog, either walk or run from easy to faster. Use a variety of shoe models and brands and run on differing surfaces and terrain.

Outside of running, use multi-lateral movements and different, particularly glute-dominant, movement patterns in cross-training and through taking part in other sports, while not losing the athletes to these other sports! Strength needs to be developed to handle the new, increased body weight and this should be developed within functional body movements.

What else can you do through the AGS? Encourage getting sufficient, uninterrupted sleep. Use an empathetic, process-oriented, non-comparison model of coaching. Motivate to maintain the physical activity when what was once easy becomes tough. Be honest — particularly on the possible time it will take to recover performance levels. Encourage patience and have patience. Respect their socio-mental development as well as their physical development. Be aware of the athlete's susceptibility to training injuries, especially during and immediately after AGS.

It can take some athletes many years to recover prior-AGS performance levels and for some there is barely a change in progression. When we see an athlete who loves the sport enough to continue and at age 25 finally surpasses her best from age 15, we know that perseverance has been rewarded and we have all see this happen. While the AGS appears to rob athletes of their ability, a good young athlete will usually develop into a good adult athlete, particularly the late developers, provided they regain and further develop the natural "spring" of their preadolescent youth.

REFERENCES

Dicharry, J. (2012) Anatomy for Runners: Unlocking Your Athletic Potential for Health, Speed and Injury Prevention. Skyhorse Publishing, New York, USA

Greene, L. and Pate, R. (2015) Training Young Distance Runners, Third Edition. Human Kinetics, Champaign, IL, USA

Korff, T., Home, S. L., Cullen, S. J. and Blazevich, A. J. (2009) Development of lower limb stiffness and its contribution to maximum vertical jumping power during adolescence. The Journal of Experimental Biology 212, 3737-3742

Wang, G, L-I., Lin, D-C. and Huang, C (2004) Age Effect on Jumping Techniques and Lower Limb Stiffness During Vertical Jump. Research in Sports Medicine 12: 209-219.

Peter Thompson was the IAAF Event Group Editor for the Endurance events and European ACA Leader for Endurance from 2007-2011. He lives and coaches in Eugene, Oregon.




25 Horrible Things That Happen If You Don't Get Enough Sleep

Business Insider

Almost 40% of Americans get less than 7 hours of sleep a night, a recent Gallup poll found, and an estimated 70 million Americans have a sleep disorder

Everyone knows that it's important to get enough sleep — but you may not realize just how many things can go wrong when you don't.

Here are 25 unfortunate risks of partial and total sleep deprivation, some more common than others.

1. Irritability

"Complaints of irritability and [emotional] volatility following sleepless nights" are common, a team of Israeli researchers observed. They put those complaints to the test by following a group of underslept medical residents. The study found that the negative emotional effect of disruptive events — things like being interrupted while in the middle of doing something — were amplified by sleep loss.

Source: Sleep, 2005

2. Headaches

Scientists don't yet know exactly why sleep deprivation leads to headaches — but it's a connection doctors have noticed for more than a century. Migraines can be triggered by sleepless nights, and 36 to 58% of people with sleep apnea wake up with "nondescript morning headaches."

Source: Headache, 2003; Headache, 2005

3. Inability to learn

Sleepiness has long been an issue among adolescents. One study of middle school students found that "delaying school start times by one hour, from roughly 7:30 to 8:30, increases standardized test scores by at least 2 percentile points in math and 1 percentile point in reading."

But it's not just kids. Short-term memory is a crucial component of learning, and sleep deprivation significantly impaired the ability of adult volunteers to remember words they'd been shown the day before. In another study, researchers found that while people tend to improve on a task when they do it more than once, this isn't true if they are kept awake after they try it the first time — even if they sleep again before doing it again.

Source: Nature, 1999Nature Neuroscience, 2000Education Next, 2012

4. Weight gain

People who are underslept seem to have hormone imbalances that are tied to increased appetite, more cravings for high-calorie foods, a greater response to indulgent treats, and a dampened ability to control their impulses — a very dangerous combination. It's true that you burn more calories when awake, but not nearly enough to cancel out the many excess calories you consume when exhausted.

Source: Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 2012PLOS Medicine, 2004Nature Communications, 2013; PNAS, 2013

5. Poor vision

Sleep deprivation is associated with tunnel vision, double vision, and dimness. The longer you are awake, the more visual errors you'll encounter, and the more likely you are to experience outright hallucinations.

Source: International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health, 2010

6. Heart disease

When researchers kept people awake for 88 hours, their blood pressure went up — no big surprise there. But even subjects who were allowed to sleep for 4 hours a night had an elevated heart rate when compared to those getting 8 hours. Concentrations of C-reactive protein, a marker of heart disease risk, increased in those fully and partially deprived of sleep.

Source: Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 2004; PLOS ONE, 2009; Sleep Medicine Reviews, 2012

7. Slowness

Your reaction time is severely impeded when you don't get enough sleep. When researchers gave West Point cadets two tests that require quick decision-making, some were allowed to sleep between the tests, while others were not. Those who had slept did better the second time — those who had not did worse, and their reactions slowed down. A study in college athletes found similar results.

Source: Sleep, 2009Asian Journal of Sports Medicine, 2012

8. Infection

You know that great thing your immune system does, where when you get an open wound of some kind it doesn't always get infected immediately? Prolonged sleep deprivation and even one night of sleeplessness can impede your body's natural defenses against microorganisms.

Source: American Journal of Physiology, 1993; The FASEB Journal, 1996

9. Economic risk-taking

Planning to make some changes to your portfolio? You might want to make sure you're well-rested. "A single night of sleep deprivation evoked a strategy shift during risky decision making such that healthy human volunteers moved from defending against losses to seeking increased gains," researchers concluded.

Source: The Journal of Neuroscience, 2011

10. Overproduction of urine

When people sleep, the body slows down its normal urine production. This is why most people don't have to pee in the night as much as they do during the day. But when someone is sleep deprived, this normal slowdown doesn't happen, leading to what researchers call "excess nocturnal urine production." This condition may be linked to bed wetting in children and, in adults, it's tied to what's called nocturia — the need to use the bathroom many times during the night.

Source: American Journal of Physiology, 2010American Journal of Physiology, 2012

11. Distractedness

Having trouble paying attention to what you're reading or listening to? Struggling with anything that requires you to truly focus? "Attention tasks appear to be particularly sensitive to sleep loss," researchers have noted. If you want to stay alert and attentive, sleep is a requirement. Otherwise, you enter "an unstable state that fluctuates within seconds and that cannot be characterized as either fully awake or asleep," and your ability to pay attention is variable at best.

Source: Archives of Italian Biology, 2001Seminars in Neurology, 2009

12. Less effective vaccines

Vaccines work by spurring your body to create antibodies against a specific virus. But when you don't sleep, your immune system is compromised, and this doesn't work quite as well. In one small study, 19 people were vaccinated against Hepatitis A. Ten of them got 8 hours of sleep the following night, while the rest pulled an all-nighter. Four weeks later, those who had slept normally had levels of Hepatitis A antibodies almost twice as high as those who'd been kept awake.

Another study found that a sleepless night did not have a long-term effect on immunity after a flu vaccine, it concludes that the effect might be specific to certain diseases. "Sleep should be considered an essential factor contributing to the success of vaccination," the Hep A researchers wrote.

Source: Psychosomatic Medicine, 2003; Journal of Immunology, 2011BMC Immunology, 2012

13. Impaired speech

Severe sleep deprivation might make you sound like a bumbling idiot — much like having way too much to drink. "Volunteers kept awake for 36 hours showed a tendency to use word repetitions and clichés; they spoke monotonously, slowly, [and] indistinctly," one study noted. "They were not able to properly express and verbalize their thoughts."

Source: Sleep, 1997International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health, 2010

14. Colds

If you're wondering why you're sick all the time and seem to pick up every bug that travels around the office, it's probably because you're not getting enough sleep. When a group of 153 people were exposed to a common cold, those who had gotten less than 7 hours of sleep in the two weeks prior were almost 3 times more likely to get sick than those who'd had 8 or more hours of sleep. How well you sleep is also a factor – those who had spent 92% of their time in bed actually asleep were 5.5 times more likely to catch a cold than those who had been peacefully slumbering 98-100% of the time they were in bed. 

Source: Archives of Internal Medicine, 2009

15. Gastrointestinal problems

One in 250 Americans suffer from Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), and sleep deficiencies make its symptoms much worse. Regular sleep loss also makes you more likely to develop both IBD and inflammatory bowel syndrome, which affects an estimated 10-15% of people in the U.S. And patients with Crohn's disease were twice as likely to experience a relapse when they weren't getting enough sleep.

Source: World Journal of Gastroenterology, 2013

16. Car accidents

Drowsy driving is often compared to drunk driving: You really shouldn't do either.  "Motor vehicle accidents related to fatigue, drowsy driving, and falling asleep at the wheel are particularly common, but often underestimated," one review concluded. Pilots, truck drivers, medical residents, and others required to stay awake for long periods of time "show an increased risk of crashes or near misses due to sleep deprivation."  

Source: Seminars in Neurology, 2009

17. Depleted sex drive

Testosterone is an important component of sexual drive and desire in both women and men. Sleeping increases testosterone levels, while being awake decreases them. Sleep deprivation and disturbed sleep, consequently, are associated with reduced libido and sexual dysfunction, and people suffering from sleep apnea are at particular risk.

Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 2007Behavioral Brain Research, 2009; Journal of Sexual Medicine, 2009Sleep Medicine, 2010Brain Research, 2011 

18. Pain

People in pain — especially those suffering from chronic pain — tend not to get enough sleep. This makes sense: Pain can wake you up in the night and make it hard to fall asleep in the first place. But recently, researchers have begun to suspect that sleep deprivation may actually cause pain or at least increase people's sensitivity to pain. One study found that after research subjects were kept awake all night, their pain threshold — the amount of painful stimulus they were able to endure — was lower.

Source: Journal of Sleep Research, 2001; Sleep Medicine Reviews, 2006 

19. Diabetes

Being awake when your body wants you to be asleep messes with your metabolism, which in turn increases your risk for insulin resistance (often called "pre-diabetes") and type 2 diabetes. "Interventions to extend sleep duration may reduce diabetes risk," one study in adolescents concluded. And four large studies in adults found a strong association — though not a cause-effect relationship — between regular sleep loss and the risk of developing diabetes, even after controlling for other habits that might be relevant.

Source: Journal of Applied Physiology, 2005Sleep, 2012; Annals of Internal Medicine, 2012

20. Sloppiness

Most people notice that when they're sleepy, they're not at the top of their game. One study found that one sleepless night contributed to a 20-32% increase in the number of errors made by surgeons. People playing sports that require precision — shooting, sailing, cycling, etc. — also make more mistakes when they've been awake for extended periods of time.

Source: The Lancet, 1998Physiology & Behavior, 2007

21. Cancer

Scientists are just beginning to investigate the relationship between sleep and cancer, and different kinds of cancer behave differently. But since disrupted circadian rhythm and reduced immunity are direct results of sleep deprivation, it's no surprise that preliminary research seems to indicate that people who don't get enough sleep are at increased risk for developing certain kinds of cancer, most notably colon and breast cancers.

Source: Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 2003; Pathologie-biologie, 2003Cancer, 2011; AAOHN Journal, 2011 

22. Memory problems

Sleep disruptions in the elderly can lead to structural changes in the brain that are associated with impaired long-term memory — and sleep-related memory deficits have been observed in the general adult population as well. As early as 1924, researchers noticed that people who slept more forgot less. Poor sleep and not enough of it have also been linked to higher levels of β-Amyloid, a biomarker for Alzheimer's.

Source: Cell Signal, 2012Nature Neuroscience, 2013; JAMA Neurology, 2013

23. Genetic disruption

A 2013 study shed some light on why sleep is tied to so many different aspects of our health and wellness. Poor sleep actually disrupts normal genetic activity. After one week of sleeping less than 6 hours per night, researchers found that more than 700 genes were not behaving normally, including some that help govern immune and stress responses.

Some genes that typically cycle according to a daily (circadian) pattern stopped doing so, while others that don't normally follow a daily pattern began doing so. What does this mean? Just one week of less-than-ideal sleep is enough to make some of your genetic activity go haywire.

Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2013

24. Unhappiness and depression

In a classic study led by Nobel Prize-winning psychologist Daniel Kahneman, a group of 909 working women kept detailed logs of their moods and day-to-day activities. While differences in income up to $60,000 had little effect on happiness, a poor night's sleep was one of two factors that could ruin the following day's mood. (The other was tight deadlines at work.)

Another study reported higher marital happiness among women with more peaceful sleep, although it's hard to say whether happy people sleep better, better sleep makes people happier, or — most likely — some combination of the two. Insomniacs are also twice as likely to develop depression, and preliminary research suggests that treating sleep problems may successfully treat depressive symptoms.

Source: Science, 2004; Behavioral Sleep Medicine, 2009; Journal of Affective Disorders, 2011

25. Death

Many health problems are associated with sleep deprivation and poor sleep, but here's the big one: People who consistently do not get 7-8 hours of sleep are more likely to die during a given time period. Put more simply: We all die eventually, but sleeping too little — or even too much — is associated with a higher risk of dying sooner than you otherwise might. 

Source: Sleep, 2010; Sleep Medicine Reviews, 2010

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